Creare, scrivere e leggere un file

Articolo
10/09/2023

API importanti

Leggere e scrivere un file usando un oggetto StorageFile.

Nota

Per un esempio completo, vedi l'esempio di accesso a file.

Prerequisiti

Familiarità con la programmazione asincrona per le app UWP (Universal Windows Platform)

Per informazioni su come scrivere app asincrone in C# o Visual Basic, vedere Chiamare API asincrone in C# o Visual Basic. Per informazioni su come scrivere app asincrone in C++/WinRT, vedi Concorrenza e operazioni asincrone con C++/WinRT. Per informazioni su come scrivere app asincrone in C++/CX, vedi Programmazione asincrona in C++/CX.
Saper recuperare il file da cui leggere e/o in cui scrivere

Per informazioni su come ottenere un file usando una selezione file, vedere Aprire file e cartelle con una selezione.

Creazione di un file

Ecco come creare un file nella cartella locale dell'app. Se esiste già, verrà sostituito.

// Create sample file; replace if exists.
Windows.Storage.StorageFolder storageFolder =
    Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.LocalFolder;
Windows.Storage.StorageFile sampleFile =
    await storageFolder.CreateFileAsync("sample.txt",
        Windows.Storage.CreationCollisionOption.ReplaceExisting);

// MainPage.h
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.h>
...
Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction ExampleCoroutineAsync()
{
    // Create a sample file; replace if exists.
    Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
    co_await storageFolder.CreateFileAsync(L"sample.txt", Windows::Storage::CreationCollisionOption::ReplaceExisting);
}

// Create a sample file; replace if exists.
StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
concurrency::create_task(storageFolder->CreateFileAsync("sample.txt", CreationCollisionOption::ReplaceExisting));

' Create sample file; replace if exists.
Dim storageFolder As StorageFolder = Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.LocalFolder
Dim sampleFile As StorageFile = Await storageFolder.CreateFileAsync("sample.txt", CreationCollisionOption.ReplaceExisting)

Scrittura in un file

Ecco come scrivere in un file scrivibile su disco usando la classe StorageFile. Il primo passaggio comune per ognuno dei modi di scrivere in un file, a meno che non si stia scrivendo nel file immediatamente dopo averlo creato, consiste nell'ottenere il file con StorageFolder.GetFileAsync.

Windows.Storage.StorageFolder storageFolder =
    Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.LocalFolder;
Windows.Storage.StorageFile sampleFile =
    await storageFolder.GetFileAsync("sample.txt");

// MainPage.h
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.h>
...
Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction ExampleCoroutineAsync()
{
    Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
    auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.CreateFileAsync(L"sample.txt", Windows::Storage::CreationCollisionOption::ReplaceExisting) };
    // Process sampleFile
}

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile) 
{
    // Process file
});

Dim storageFolder As StorageFolder = Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.LocalFolder
Dim sampleFile As StorageFile = Await storageFolder.GetFileAsync("sample.txt")

Scrittura di testo in un file

Per scrivere testo nel file, chiama il metodo FileIO.WriteTextAsync.

await Windows.Storage.FileIO.WriteTextAsync(sampleFile, "Swift as a shadow");

// MainPage.h
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.h>
...
Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction ExampleCoroutineAsync()
{
    Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
    auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
    // Write text to the file.
    co_await Windows::Storage::FileIO::WriteTextAsync(sampleFile, L"Swift as a shadow");
}

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile) 
{
    //Write text to a file
    create_task(FileIO::WriteTextAsync(sampleFile, "Swift as a shadow"));
});

Await Windows.Storage.FileIO.WriteTextAsync(sampleFile, "Swift as a shadow")

Scrittura di byte in un file con un buffer (2 passaggi)

Prima di tutto chiama CryptographicBuffer.ConvertStringToBinary per recuperare un buffer dei byte (in base a una stringa) che vuoi scrivere nel file.

var buffer = Windows.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicBuffer.ConvertStringToBinary(
    "What fools these mortals be", Windows.Security.Cryptography.BinaryStringEncoding.Utf8);

// MainPage.h
#include <winrt/Windows.Security.Cryptography.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
...
Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction ExampleCoroutineAsync()
{
    Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
    auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
    // Create the buffer.
    Windows::Storage::Streams::IBuffer buffer{
        Windows::Security::Cryptography::CryptographicBuffer::ConvertStringToBinary(
            L"What fools these mortals be", Windows::Security::Cryptography::BinaryStringEncoding::Utf8)};
    // The code in step 2 goes here.
}

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    // Create the buffer
    IBuffer^ buffer = CryptographicBuffer::ConvertStringToBinary
    ("What fools these mortals be", BinaryStringEncoding::Utf8);
});

Dim buffer = Windows.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicBuffer.ConvertStringToBinary(
    "What fools these mortals be",
    Windows.Security.Cryptography.BinaryStringEncoding.Utf8)

Scrivi quindi i byte dal buffer al file chiamando il metodo FileIO.WriteBufferAsync.

await Windows.Storage.FileIO.WriteBufferAsync(sampleFile, buffer);

co_await Windows::Storage::FileIO::WriteBufferAsync(sampleFile, buffer);

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    // Create the buffer
    IBuffer^ buffer = CryptographicBuffer::ConvertStringToBinary
    ("What fools these mortals be", BinaryStringEncoding::Utf8);      
    // Write bytes to a file using a buffer
    create_task(FileIO::WriteBufferAsync(sampleFile, buffer));
});

Await Windows.Storage.FileIO.WriteBufferAsync(sampleFile, buffer)

Scrittura di testo in un file con un flusso (4 passaggi)

Aprire prima di tutto il file chiamando il metodo StorageFile.OpenAsync. Restituisce un flusso del contenuto del file al termine dell'operazione di apertura.

var stream = await sampleFile.OpenAsync(Windows.Storage.FileAccessMode.ReadWrite);

// MainPage.h
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
...
Windows::Foundation::IAsyncAction ExampleCoroutineAsync()
{
    Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
    auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
    Windows::Storage::Streams::IRandomAccessStream stream{ co_await sampleFile.OpenAsync(Windows::Storage::FileAccessMode::ReadWrite) };
    // The code in step 2 goes here.
}

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    create_task(sampleFile->OpenAsync(FileAccessMode::ReadWrite)).then([sampleFile](IRandomAccessStream^ stream)
    {
        // Process stream
    });
});

Dim stream = Await sampleFile.OpenAsync(Windows.Storage.FileAccessMode.ReadWrite)

Recupera poi un flusso di output chiamando il metodo IRandomAccessStream.GetOutputStreamAt dall'oggetto stream. Se usi C#, inseriscilo in un'istruzione using per gestire la durata del flusso di output. Se usi C++/WinRT, puoi controllarne la durata includendolo in un blocco o impostandolo su nullptr al termine.

using (var outputStream = stream.GetOutputStreamAt(0))
{
    // We'll add more code here in the next step.
}
stream.Dispose(); // Or use the stream variable (see previous code snippet) with a using statement as well.

Windows::Storage::Streams::IOutputStream outputStream{ stream.GetOutputStreamAt(0) };
// The code in step 3 goes here.

// Add to "Process stream" in part 1
IOutputStream^ outputStream = stream->GetOutputStreamAt(0);

Using outputStream = stream.GetOutputStreamAt(0)
' We'll add more code here in the next step.
End Using

Aggiungi ora questo codice (se usi C#, all'interno dell'istruzione using esistente) per scrivere nel flusso di output creando un nuovo oggetto DataWriter e chiamando il metodo DataWriter.WriteString.

using (var dataWriter = new Windows.Storage.Streams.DataWriter(outputStream))
{
    dataWriter.WriteString("DataWriter has methods to write to various types, such as DataTimeOffset.");
}

Windows::Storage::Streams::DataWriter dataWriter;
dataWriter.WriteString(L"DataWriter has methods to write to various types, such as DataTimeOffset.");
// The code in step 4 goes here.

// Added after code from part 2
DataWriter^ dataWriter = ref new DataWriter(outputStream);
dataWriter->WriteString("DataWriter has methods to write to various types, such as DataTimeOffset.");

Dim dataWriter As New DataWriter(outputStream)
dataWriter.WriteString("DataWriter has methods to write to various types, such as DataTimeOffset.")

Aggiungi infine questo codice (se usi C#, nell'istruzione using interna) per salvare il testo nel file con DataWriter.StoreAsync e chiudere il flusso con IOutputStream.FlushAsync.

await dataWriter.StoreAsync();
await outputStream.FlushAsync();

dataWriter.StoreAsync();
outputStream.FlushAsync();

// Added after code from part 3
dataWriter->StoreAsync();
outputStream->FlushAsync();

Await dataWriter.StoreAsync()
Await outputStream.FlushAsync()

Procedure consigliate per la scrittura su file

Per altre informazioni e procedure consigliate, vedi Procedure consigliate per la scrittura su file.

Lettura da un file

Ecco come leggere da un file su disco usando la classe StorageFile. Il primo passaggio comune per ogni modalità di lettura da un file consiste nell'ottenere il file con StorageFolder.GetFileAsync.

Windows.Storage.StorageFolder storageFolder =
    Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.LocalFolder;
Windows.Storage.StorageFile sampleFile =
    await storageFolder.GetFileAsync("sample.txt");

Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
// Process file

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    // Process file
});

Dim storageFolder As StorageFolder = Windows.Storage.ApplicationData.Current.LocalFolder
Dim sampleFile As StorageFile = Await storageFolder.GetFileAsync("sample.txt")

Lettura di testo da un file

Per leggere testo dal file, chiama il metodo FileIO.ReadTextAsync.

string text = await Windows.Storage.FileIO.ReadTextAsync(sampleFile);

Windows::Foundation::IAsyncOperation<winrt::hstring> ExampleCoroutineAsync()
{
    Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
    auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
    co_return co_await Windows::Storage::FileIO::ReadTextAsync(sampleFile);
}

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    return FileIO::ReadTextAsync(sampleFile);
});

Dim text As String = Await Windows.Storage.FileIO.ReadTextAsync(sampleFile)

Lettura di testo da un file con un buffer (2 passaggi)

Prima di tutto, chiama il metodo FileIO.ReadBufferAsync.

var buffer = await Windows.Storage.FileIO.ReadBufferAsync(sampleFile);

Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
Windows::Storage::Streams::IBuffer buffer{ co_await Windows::Storage::FileIO::ReadBufferAsync(sampleFile) };
// The code in step 2 goes here.

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    return FileIO::ReadBufferAsync(sampleFile);

}).then([](Streams::IBuffer^ buffer)
{
    // Process buffer
});

Dim buffer = Await Windows.Storage.FileIO.ReadBufferAsync(sampleFile)

Usare quindi un oggetto DataReader per leggere prima di tutto la lunghezza del buffer e quindi il relativo contenuto.

using (var dataReader = Windows.Storage.Streams.DataReader.FromBuffer(buffer))
{
    string text = dataReader.ReadString(buffer.Length);
}

auto dataReader{ Windows::Storage::Streams::DataReader::FromBuffer(buffer) };
winrt::hstring bufferText{ dataReader.ReadString(buffer.Length()) };

// Add to "Process buffer" section from part 1
auto dataReader = DataReader::FromBuffer(buffer);
String^ bufferText = dataReader->ReadString(buffer->Length);

Dim dataReader As DataReader = Windows.Storage.Streams.DataReader.FromBuffer(buffer)
Dim text As String = dataReader.ReadString(buffer.Length)

Lettura di testo da un file con un flusso (4 passaggi)

Aprire un flusso per il file chiamando il metodo StorageFile.OpenAsync. Restituisce un flusso del contenuto del file al termine dell'operazione.

var stream = await sampleFile.OpenAsync(Windows.Storage.FileAccessMode.Read);

Windows::Storage::StorageFolder storageFolder{ Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current().LocalFolder() };
auto sampleFile{ co_await storageFolder.GetFileAsync(L"sample.txt") };
Windows::Storage::Streams::IRandomAccessStream stream{ co_await sampleFile.OpenAsync(Windows::Storage::FileAccessMode::Read) };
// The code in step 2 goes here.

StorageFolder^ storageFolder = ApplicationData::Current->LocalFolder;
create_task(storageFolder->GetFileAsync("sample.txt")).then([](StorageFile^ sampleFile)
{
    create_task(sampleFile->OpenAsync(FileAccessMode::Read)).then([sampleFile](IRandomAccessStream^ stream)
    {
        // Process stream
    });
});

Dim stream = Await sampleFile.OpenAsync(Windows.Storage.FileAccessMode.Read)

Ottenere le dimensioni del flusso da usare in un secondo momento.

ulong size = stream.Size;

uint64_t size{ stream.Size() };
// The code in step 3 goes here.

// Add to "Process stream" from part 1
UINT64 size = stream->Size;

Dim size = stream.Size

Recupera un flusso di input chiamando il metodo IRandomAccessStream.GetInputStreamAt. Inserire questo valore in un'istruzione using per gestire la durata del flusso. Specificare 0 quando si chiama GetInputStreamAt per impostare la posizione all'inizio del flusso.

using (var inputStream = stream.GetInputStreamAt(0))
{
    // We'll add more code here in the next step.
}

Windows::Storage::Streams::IInputStream inputStream{ stream.GetInputStreamAt(0) };
Windows::Storage::Streams::DataReader dataReader{ inputStream };
// The code in step 4 goes here.

// Add after code from part 2
IInputStream^ inputStream = stream->GetInputStreamAt(0);
auto dataReader = ref new DataReader(inputStream);

Using inputStream = stream.GetInputStreamAt(0)
' We'll add more code here in the next step.
End Using

Aggiungere infine questo codice all'interno dell'istruzione using esistente per ottenere un oggetto DataReader nel flusso e quindi leggere il testo chiamando DataReader.LoadAsync e DataReader.ReadString.

using (var dataReader = new Windows.Storage.Streams.DataReader(inputStream))
{
    uint numBytesLoaded = await dataReader.LoadAsync((uint)size);
    string text = dataReader.ReadString(numBytesLoaded);
}

unsigned int cBytesLoaded{ co_await dataReader.LoadAsync(size) };
winrt::hstring streamText{ dataReader.ReadString(cBytesLoaded) };

// Add after code from part 3
create_task(dataReader->LoadAsync(size)).then([sampleFile, dataReader](unsigned int numBytesLoaded)
{
    String^ streamText = dataReader->ReadString(numBytesLoaded);
});

Dim dataReader As New DataReader(inputStream)
Dim numBytesLoaded As UInteger = Await dataReader.LoadAsync(CUInt(size))
Dim text As String = dataReader.ReadString(numBytesLoaded)

Vedi anche

Procedure consigliate per la scrittura su file