File transforms and variable substitution reference

[アーティクル]
02/18/2020

TFS 2018

Note

Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Server 2018 and earlier versions have the following differences in naming:

Pipelines for build and release are called definitions
Runs are called builds
Service connections are called service endpoints
Stages are called environments
Jobs are called phases

Some tasks, such as the Azure App Service Deploy task version 3 and later and the IIS Web App Deploy task, allow users to configure the package based on the environment specified. These tasks use msdeploy.exe, which supports the overriding of values in the web.config file with values from the parameters.xml file. However, file transforms and variable substitution are not confined to web app files. You can use these techniques with any XML or JSON files.

Configuration substitution is specified in the File Transform and Variable Substitution Options section of the settings for the tasks. The transformation and substitution options are:

XML transformation
XML variable substitution
JSON variable substitution

When the task runs, it first performs XML transformation, XML variable substitution, and JSON variable substitution on configuration and parameters files. Next, it invokes msdeploy.exe, which uses the parameters.xml file to substitute values in the web.config file.

XML Transformation

XML transformation supports transforming the configuration files (*.config files) by following Web.config Transformation Syntax and is based on the environment to which the web package will be deployed. This option is useful when you want to add, remove or modify configurations for different environments. Transformation will be applied for other configuration files including Console or Windows service application configuration files (for example, FabrikamService.exe.config).

Configuration transform file naming conventions

XML transformation will be run on the *.config file for transformation configuration files named *.Release.config or *.<stage>.config and will be executed in the following order:

*.Release.config (for example, fabrikam.Release.config)
*.<stage>.config (for example, fabrikam.Production.config)

For example, if your package contains the following files:

Web.config
Web.Debug.config
Web.Release.config
Web.Production.config

and your stage name is Production, the transformation is applied for Web.config with Web.Release.config followed by Web.Production.config.

XML transformation example

Create a Web Application package with the necessary configuration and transform files. For example, use the following configuration files:

Configuration file

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
  <connectionStrings>
    <add name="DefaultConnection"
         connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDb)\\MSDB;DbFilename=aspcore-local.mdf;" />
  </connectionStrings>
  <appSettings>
    <add key="webpages:Version" value="3.0.0.0" />
    <add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" />
  </appSettings>
  <system.web>
    <authentication mode="None" />
    <compilation targetFramework="4.5" debug="true" />
  </system.web>
</configuration>

Transform file

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration xmlns:xdt="http://schemas.microsoft.com/XML-Document-Transform">
    <connectionStrings>
      <add name="MyDB"
           connectionString="Data Source=ReleaseSQLServer;Initial Catalog=MyReleaseDB;Integrated Security=True"
           xdt:Transform="Insert" />
    </connectionStrings>
  <appSettings>
    <add xdt:Transform="Replace" xdt:Locator="Match(key)" key="webpages:Enabled" value="true" />
  </appSettings>
  <system.web>
    <compilation xdt:Transform="RemoveAttributes(debug)" />
  </system.web>
</configuration>

This example transform configuration file does three things:

It adds a new database connection string inside the ConnectionStrings element.
It modifies value of Webpages:Enabled inside the appSettings element.
It removes the debug attribute from the compilation element inside the System.Web element.

For more information, see Web.config Transformation Syntax for Web Project Deployment Using Visual Studio

Create a release pipeline with a stage named Release.
Add an Azure App Service Deploy task and set (tick) the XML transformation option.
Save the release pipeline and start a new release.

Open the Web.config file to see the transformations from Web.Release.config.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
  <connectionStrings>
    <add name="DefaultConnection"
         connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDb)\\MSDB;DbFilename=aspcore-local.mdf;" />
  <add name="MyDB"
       connectionString="Data Source=ReleaseSQLServer;Initial Catalog=MyReleaseDB;Integrated Security=True" />
  </connectionStrings>
  <appSettings>
    <add key="webpages:Version" value="3.0.0.0" />
    <add key="webpages:Enabled" value="true" />
  </appSettings>
  <system.web>
    <authentication mode="None" />
    <compilation targetFramework="4.5" />
  </system.web>
</configuration>

XML transformation notes

You can use this technique to create a default package and deploy it to multiple stages.
XML transformation takes effect only when the configuration file and transform file are in the same folder within the specified package.
By default, MSBuild applies the transformation as it generates the web package if the <DependentUpon> element is already present in the transform file in the *.csproj file. In such cases, the Azure App Service Deploy task will fail because there is no further transformation applied on the Web.config file. Therefore, it is recommended that the <DependentUpon> element is removed from all the transform files to disable any build-time configuration when using XML transformation.

Set the Build Action property for each of the transformation files (Web.config) to Content so that the files are copied to the root folder.

...
<Content Include="Web.Debug.config">
   <DependentUpon>Web.config</DependentUpon>
</Content>
<Content Include="Web.Release.config">
   <DependentUpon>Web.config</DependentUpon>
</Content>
...

XML variable substitution

This feature enables you to modify configuration settings in configuration files (*.config files) inside web packages and XML parameters files (parameters.xml). In this way, the same package can be configured based on the environment to which it will be deployed.

Variable substitution takes effect only on the applicationSettings, appSettings, connectionStrings, and configSections elements of configuration files. If you are looking to substitute values outside of these elements you can use a (parameters.xml) file, however you will need to use a 3rd party pipeline task to handle the variable substitution.

XML variable substitution example

As an example, consider the task of changing the following values in Web.config:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
    <configSection>
        <section name="entityFramework" />
    </configSection>
    <connectionStrings>
        <!-- Change connectionString in this line: --> 
        <add name="DefaultConnection"
             connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDB)\LocalDB;FileName=Local.mdf" />
    </connectionStrings>
    <appSettings>
        <add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" />
        <add key="UnobstructiveJavascriptEnabled" value="true" />
        <!-- Change AdminUserName in this line: --> 
        <add key="AdminUserName" value="__AdminUserName__" />
        <!-- Change AdminPassword in this line: --> 
        <add key="AdminPassword" value="__AdminPassword__" />
    </appSettings>
    <entityFramework>
        <defaultConnectionFactory type="System.Data.Entity.LocalDbConnectionFactory">
            <parameters></parameters>
        </defaultConnectionFactory>
        <providers>
            <!-- Change invariantName in this line: --> 
            <provider invariantName="System.Data.SqlClient" type="System.Data.Entity.SqlServer" />
        </providers>
    </entityFramework>
</configuration>

Create a release pipeline with a stage named Release.
Add an Azure App Service Deploy task and set (tick) the XML variable substitution option.

Define the required values in release pipeline variables:

Name	Value	Secure	Scope
DefaultConnection	Data Source=(ProdDB)\MSSQLProdDB;AttachFileName=Local.mdf	No	Release
AdminUserName	ProdAdminName	No	Release
AdminPassword	[your-password]	Yes	Release
invariantName	System.Data.SqlClientExtension	No	Release

Save the release pipeline and start a new release.

Open the Web.config file to see the variable substitutions.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
    <configSection>
        <section name="entityFramework" />
    </configSection>
    <connectionStrings>
        <add name="DefaultConnection"
             connectionString="Data Source=(ProdDB)\MSSQLProdDB;AttachFileName=Local.mdf" />
    </connectionStrings>
    <appSettings>
        <add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" />
        <add key="UnobstructiveJavascriptEnabled" value="true" />
        <add key="AdminUserName" value="ProdAdminName" />
        <add key="AdminPassword" value="*password_masked_for_display*" />
    </appSettings>
    <entityFramework>
        <defaultConnectionFactory type="System.Data.Entity.LocalDbConnectionFactory">
            <parameters></parameters>
        </defaultConnectionFactory>
        <providers>
            <provider invariantName="System.Data.SqlClientExtension"
                      type="System.Data.Entity.SqlServer" />
        </providers>
    </entityFramework>
</configuration>

XML variable substitution notes

By default, ASP.NET applications have a default parameterized connection attribute. These values are overridden only in the parameters.xml file inside the web package.
Because substitution occurs before deployment, the user can override the values in Web.config using parameters.xml (inside the web package) or a setparameters file.

JSON variable substitution

This feature substitutes values in the JSON configuration files. It overrides the values in the specified JSON configuration files (for example, appsettings.json) with the values matching names of release pipeline and stage variables.

To substitute variables in specific JSON files, provide newline-separated list of JSON files. File names must be specified relative to the root folder. For example, if your package has this structure:

/WebPackage(.zip)
  /---- content
    /----- website
      /---- appsettings.json
      /---- web.config
      /---- [other folders] 
  /--- archive.xml
  /--- systeminfo.xml

and you want to substitute values in appsettings.json, enter the relative path from the root folder; for example content/website/appsettings.json. Alternatively, use wildcard patterns to search for specific JSON files. For example, **/appsettings.json returns the relative path and name of files named appsettings.json.

JSON variable substitution example

As an example, consider the task of overriding values in this JSON file:

{
  "Data": {
    "DefaultConnection": {
      "ConnectionString": "Data Source=(LocalDb)\\MSDB;AttachDbFilename=aspcore-local.mdf;"
    },
    "DebugMode": "enabled",
    "DBAccess": {
      "Administrators": ["Admin-1", "Admin-2"],
      "Users": ["Vendor-1", "vendor-3"]
    },
    "FeatureFlags": {
      "Preview": [
        {
          "newUI": "AllAccounts"
        },
        {
          "NewWelcomeMessage": "Newusers"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

The task is to override the values of ConnectionString, DebugMode, the first of the Users values, and NewWelcomeMessage at the respective places within the JSON file hierarchy.

Classic
YAML

Create a release pipeline with a stage named Release.
Add an Azure App Service Deploy task and enter a newline-separated list of JSON files to substitute the variable values in the JSON variable substitution textbox. Files names must be relative to the root folder. You can use wildcards to search for JSON files. For example: **/*.json means substitute values in all the JSON files within the package.

Define the required substitution values in release pipeline or stage variables.

Name	Value	Secure	Scope
Data.DebugMode	disabled	No	Release
Data.DefaultConnection.ConnectionString	Data Source=(prodDB)\MSDB;AttachDbFilename=prod.mdf;	No	Release
Data.DBAccess.Users.0	Admin-3	Yes	Release
Data.FeatureFlags.Preview.1.NewWelcomeMessage	AllAccounts	No	Release

Save the release pipeline and start a new release.

After the transformation, the JSON will contain the following:

{
  "Data": {
    "DefaultConnection": {
      "ConnectionString": "Data Source=(prodDB)\MSDB;AttachDbFilename=prod.mdf;"
    },
    "DebugMode": "disabled",
    "DBAccess": {
      "Administrators": ["Admin-1", "Admin-2"],
      "Users": ["Admin-3", "vendor-3"]
    },
    "FeatureFlags": {
      "Preview": [
        {
          "newUI": "AllAccounts"
        },
        {
          "NewWelcomeMessage": "AllAccounts"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
'''

Following YAML snippet showcases JSON variable substitution.

variables:
  Data.DebugMode: disabled
  Data.DefaultConnection.ConnectionString: 'Data Source=(prodDB)\MSDB;AttachDbFilename=prod.mdf;'
  Data.DBAccess.Users.0: Admin-3
  Data.FeatureFlags.Preview.1.NewWelcomeMessage: AllAccounts

# Update appsettings.json via FileTransform task.
- task: FileTransform@1
  displayName: 'File transformation: appsettings.json'
  inputs:
    folderPath: '$(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)/$(Build.BuildId).zip'
    targetFiles: '**/appsettings.json'
    fileType: json
  
# Deploy web app
- task: AzureWebApp@1
  inputs:
    azureSubscription: <Name of the Azure subscription>
    appName: <Name of the Azure WebApp>
    package: $(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)/$(Build.BuildId).zip

JSON variable substitution notes

To substitute values in nested levels of the file, concatenate the names with a period (.) in hierarchical order.
A JSON object may contain an array whose values can be referenced by their index. For example, to substitute the first value in the Users array shown above, use the variable name DBAccess.Users.0. To update the value in NewWelcomeMessage, use the variable name FeatureFlags.Preview.1.NewWelcomeMessage. However, the file transform task has the ability to transform entire arrays in JSON files. You can also use DBAccess.Users = ["NewUser1","NewUser2","NewUser3"].
Only String substitution is supported for JSON variable substitution.
Substitution is supported for only UTF-8 and UTF-16 LE encoded files.
If the file specification you enter does not match any file, the task will fail.
Variable name matching is case-sensitive.
Variable substitution is applied for only the JSON keys predefined in the object hierarchy. It does not create new keys.
If a variable name includes periods ("."), the transformation will attempt to locate the item within the hierarchy. For example, if the variable name is first.second.third, the transformation process will search for:
```
"first" : {
  "second": {
    "third" : "value"
  }
}
```
as well as "first.second.third" : "value".

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