Input Stream Member Functions
Input stream member functions are used for disk input. The member functions include:
The open Function for Input Streams
The get Function
The getline Function
The read Function
The seekg and tellg Functions
The close Function for Input Streams
The open Function for Input Streams
If you are using an input file stream (ifstream), you must associate that stream with a specific disk file. You can do this in the constructor, or you can use the open function. In either case, the arguments are the same.
You generally specify an ios_base::openmode flag when you open the file associated with an input stream (the default mode is ios::in). For a list of the open_mode flags, see The open Function. The flags can be combined with the bitwise OR ( | ) operator.
To read a file, first use the fail member function to determine whether it exists:
istream ifile( "FILENAME" );
if ( ifile.fail() )
// The file does not exist ...
The get Function
The unformatted get member function works like the >> operator with two exceptions. First, the get function includes white-space characters, whereas the extractor excludes white space when the skipws flag is set (the default). Second, the get function is less likely to cause a tied output stream (cout, for example) to be flushed.
A variation of the get function specifies a buffer address and the maximum number of characters to read. This is useful for limiting the number of characters sent to a specific variable, as this example shows:
// ioo_get_function.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
// Type up to 24 characters and a terminating character.
// Any remaining characters can be extracted later.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char line[25];
cout << " Type a line terminated by carriage return\n>";
cin.get( line, 25 );
cout << line << endl;
}
Input
1234
Sample Output
1234
The getline Function
The getline member function is similar to the get function. Both functions allow a third argument that specifies the terminating character for input. The default value is the newline character. Both functions reserve one character for the required terminating character. However, get leaves the terminating character in the stream and getline removes the terminating character.
The following example specifies a terminating character for the input stream:
// getline_func.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char line[100];
cout << " Type a line terminated by 't'" << endl;
cin.getline( line, 100, 't' );
cout << line;
}
Input
test
The read Function
The read member function reads bytes from a file to a specified area of memory. The length argument determines the number of bytes read. If you do not include that argument, reading stops when the physical end of file is reached or, in the case of a text-mode file, when an embedded EOF character is read.
This example reads a binary record from a payroll file into a structure:
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
struct
{
double salary;
char name[23];
} employee;
ifstream is( "payroll" );
if( is ) { // ios::operator void*()
is.read( (char *) &employee, sizeof( employee ) );
cout << employee.name << ' ' << employee.salary << endl;
}
else {
cout << "ERROR: Cannot open file 'payroll'." << endl;
}
}
The program assumes that the data records are formatted exactly as specified by the structure with no terminating carriage-return or linefeed characters.
The seekg and tellg Functions
Input file streams keep an internal pointer to the position in the file where data is to be read next. You set this pointer with the seekg function, as shown here:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char ch;
ifstream tfile( "payroll" );
if( tfile ) {
tfile.seekg( 8 ); // Seek 8 bytes in (past salary)
while ( tfile.good() ) { // EOF or failure stops the reading
tfile.get( ch );
if( !ch ) break; // quit on null
cout << ch;
}
}
else {
cout << "ERROR: Cannot open file 'payroll'." << endl;
}
}
To use seekg to implement record-oriented data management systems, multiply the fixed-length record size by the record number to obtain the byte position relative to the end of the file, and then use the get object to read the record.
The tellg member function returns the current file position for reading. This value is of type streampos, a typedef defined in <iostream>. The following example reads a file and displays messages showing the positions of spaces.
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char ch;
ifstream tfile( "payroll" );
if( tfile ) {
while ( tfile.good( ) ) {
streampos here = tfile.tellg();
tfile.get( ch );
if ( ch == ' ' )
cout << "\nPosition " << here << " is a space";
}
}
else {
cout << "ERROR: Cannot open file 'payroll'." << endl;
}
}
The close Function for Input Streams
The close member function closes the disk file associated with an input file stream and frees the operating system file handle. The ifstream destructor closes the file for you, but you can use the close function if you need to open another file for the same stream object.