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コード例による各言語のプログラミング概念の比較

  • [アーティクル]

キーワードにまとめることができない基本的なプログラミング概念の例をコードで示します。 詳細については、「各言語のキーワードの比較」を参照してください。

コード例が示されるのは次のタスクです。

  • 代入ステートメント

  • コメント

  • 条件付きステートメント

  • 変数の宣言

  • FOR ループ

  • ジェネリック型

  • 基本クラスのメンバーの隠ぺい

  • 値型の初期化

  • 参照渡しのパラメーター

  • 値渡しのパラメーター

  • 選択ステートメント

  • オブジェクト参照を Nothing に設定

  • 構造化例外処理

  • WHILE ループ

変数の宣言

Visual Basic

Dim x As Integer
Public x As Integer = 10
Dim x = 10

C++

int x;
int x = 10;
var x = 10;

C#

int x;
int x = 10;

F#

let x = 10

コメント

Visual Basic

' comment
x = 1   ' comment
Rem comment

C++

// comment

/* multiline
 comment */

C#

// comment
/* multiline
 comment */

F#

// comment
(* multiline
 comment *)

代入ステートメント

Visual Basic

nVal = 7

C++

nVal = 7;

C#

nVal = 7;

F#

nVal <- 7

条件付きステートメント

Visual Basic

If nCnt <= nMax Then
   nTotal += nCnt  ' Same as nTotal = nTotal + nCnt.
   nCnt += 1       ' Same as nCnt = nCnt + 1.
Else
   nTotal += nCnt
   nCnt -= 1       
End If

C++

if(nCnt < nMax) {
 nTotal += nCnt;
 nCnt++;
 }
else {
   nTotal += nCnt;
   nCnt --;    
 };

C#

if (nCnt <= nMax)
{
   nTotal += nCnt;
   nCnt++;
}
else
{
   nTotal +=nCnt;
   nCnt--;
}

F#

if (nCnt <= nMax) then
    nTotal <- nTotal + nCnt
    nCnt <- nCnt + 1
else
    nTotal <- nTotal + nCnt
    nCnt <- nCnt - 1

選択ステートメント

Visual Basic

Select Case n
   Case 0
      MsgBox ("Zero")  
     ' Visual Basic exits the Select at the end of a Case.
   Case 1
      MsgBox ("One")
   Case 2 
      MsgBox ("Two")
   Case Else
      MsgBox ("Default")
End Select

C++

switch(n) {
 case 0:
  printf_s("Zero\n");
  break;
 case 1:
  printf_s("One\n");
  break;
 case 2:
  printf_s("Two\n");
  break;
 default:
  printf_s("?\n");}

C#

switch(n) 
{
   case 0:
      Console.WriteLine("Zero");
      break;
   case 1:
      Console.WriteLine("One");
      break;
   case 2:
      Console.WriteLine("Two");
      break;
   default:
      Console.WriteLine("?");
      break;
}

F#

match n with

| 0 -> Console.WriteLine("Zero")

| 1 -> Console.WriteLine("One")

| 2 -> Console.WriteLine("Two")

| _ -> Console.WriteLine("?")

FOR ループ

Visual Basic

For n = 1 To 10 
   MsgBox("The number is " & n)
Next

For Each prop In obj
    prop = 42
Next prop

C++

for(int n=1; n<11; n++)
 printf_s("%d\n",n);

C#

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) 
   Console.WriteLine("The number is {0}", i);
foreach (int i in testArr) 
{
   Console.WriteLine(i);
}

F#

for i = 1 to 10 do
    printfn "%d" i
for i in testCollection do
    printfn "%d" i

基本クラスのメンバーの隠ぺい

Visual Basic

Public Class BaseCls
   Public Z As Integer = 100   ' The element to be shadowed
   public Sub Test()
      System.Console.WriteLine("Test in BaseCls")
   End Sub
End Class

Public Class DervCls
   Inherits BaseCls
   Public Shadows Z As String = "*"   ' The shadowing element.
   public Shadows Sub Test()
      System.Console.WriteLine("Test in DervCls")
   End Sub
End Class

Public Class UseClasses
   Dim BObj As BaseCls = New DervCls()   ' DervCls widens to BaseCls. 
   Dim DObj As DervCls = New DervCls()   ' Access through derived class.
   Public Sub ShowZ()
      System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through base class: " & BObj.Z)
      System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through derived class: " & DObj.Z)
      BObj.Test()
      DObj.Test()
   End Sub 
End Class

C++

#using <mscorlib.dll>
#include <stdio.h>
public __gc class BaseCls
{
public:
   int Z;   // The element to be hidden
   void Test()
   {
      printf_s("Test in BaseCls\n");
   }

};

public __gc class DervCls : public BaseCls
{
public:
   char Z;   // The hiding element
   void Test()
   {
      printf_s("Test in DervCls\n");
   }

};

public __gc class UseClasses
{
public:
   BaseCls * BObj;   // DervCls widens to BaseCls
   DervCls * DObj;   // Access through derived class
   void ShowZ()
   {
      BObj = new DervCls;
      BObj->Z = 100;
      DObj = new DervCls;
      DObj->Z = '*';
      printf_s("Accessed through base class: %d\n", BObj->Z);
      printf_s("Accessed through derived class: %c\n", DObj->Z);
      BObj->Test();
      DObj->Test();
   }
};

C#

public class BaseCls
{
   public int Z = 100;   // The element to be hidden
   public void Test()
   {
      System.Console.WriteLine("Test in BaseCls");
   }
}

public class DervCls : BaseCls
{
   public new string Z = "*";   // The hiding element
   public new void Test()
   {
      System.Console.WriteLine("Test in DervCls");
   }
}

public class UseClasses
{
   BaseCls BObj = new DervCls();   // DervCls widens to BaseCls
   DervCls DObj = new DervCls();   // Access through derived class
   public void ShowZ()
   {
      System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through base class: {0}", BObj.Z);
      System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through derived class: {0}", DObj.Z);
      BObj.Test();
      DObj.Test();
   }
}

F#

type BaseCls() =
    member this.Z = 100
    member this.Test() =
        System.Console.WriteLine("Test in BaseCls")

type DervCls() =
    inherit BaseCls()
    member this.Z = "*"
    member this.Test() =
       System.Console.WriteLine("Test in DervCls")

type UseClasses() =
    let BObj : BaseCls = new DervCls() :> BaseCls
    let DObj : DervCls = new DervCls()
    member this.ShowZ() =
        System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through base class: {0}", BObj.Z)
        System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through derived class: {0}", DObj.Z)
        BObj.Test()
        DObj.Test()

let useClassesObj = new UseClasses()
useClassesObj.ShowZ()

WHILE ループ

Visual Basic

While n < 100 ' Test at start of loop.
   n += 1     ' Same as n = n + 1.
End While '

C++

while(int n < 100)
   n++;

C#

while (n < 100)
   n++;

F#

while n < 100 do
     n <- n + 1

値渡しのパラメーター

Visual Basic

Public Sub ABC(ByVal y As Long) ' The argument Y is passed by value.
' If ABC changes y, the changes do not affect x.
End Sub
   
ABC(x) ' Call the procedure.
' You can force parameters to be passed by value, regardless of how 
' they are declared, by enclosing the parameters in extra parentheses.
ABC((x))

C++

testMethod(i,j);

C#

/* Note that there is no way to pass reference types (objects) strictly by value. 
You can choose to either pass the reference (essentially a pointer), 
or a reference to the reference (a pointer to a pointer).*/
// The method:
void ABC(int x)
{
   ...
}
// Calling the method:
ABC(i);

F#

let ABC(x) =
   ...
ABC(i)

参照渡しのパラメーター

Visual Basic

Public Sub ABC(ByRef y As Long) 
' The parameter y is declared by by referece:
' If ABC changes y, the changes are made to the value of x.
End Sub

ABC(x) ' Call the procedure.

C++

// Prototype of ABC that takes a pointer to integer.
int ABC(long *py);
ABC(&VAR);
// Prototype of ABC that takes a reference to integer.
int ABC(long &y);
ABC(VAR);

C#

/* Note that there is no way to pass reference types (objects) strictly by value. 
You can choose to either pass the reference (essentially a pointer), 
or a reference to the reference (a pointer to a pointer).*/
/* Note also that unsafe C# methods can take pointers just like C++ methods. 
For details, see <MSHelp:link keywords="vclrfUnsafe" TABINDEX="0">unsafe</MSHelp:link>. */
// The method:
void ABC(ref int x)
{
   ...
}
// Calling the method:
ABC(ref i);

F#

let ABC(x : int byref) =
   ...
ABC(&i)

構造化例外処理

Visual Basic

Try
   If x = 0 Then
      Throw New Exception("x equals zero")
   Else
      Throw New Exception("x does not equal zero")
   End If
Catch err As System.Exception
   MsgBox("Error: " & Err.Description)
Finally
   MsgBox("Executing finally block.")
End Try

C++

      __try{
      if (x == 0)
         throw new Exception ("x equals zero");
      else
         throw new Exception ("x does not equal zero");
         }
      __catch(Exception e)
{
            Console.WriteLine("Caught Exception"); 
      }
      __finally
{
         Console.WriteLine("Executing finally block");
      }

C#

// try-catch-finally
try
{
   if (x == 0)
      throw new System.Exception ("x equals zero");
   else
      throw new System.Exception ("x does not equal zero");
}
catch (System.Exception err)
{
   System.Console.WriteLine(err.Message);
}
finally
{
   System.Console.WriteLine("executing finally block");
}

F#

try
    try
        if x = 0 then
             failwith "x equals zero"
        else
             failwith "x does not equal zero"
    with
        | Failure(msg) -> System.Console.WriteLine(msg)
finally
    printfn "executing finally block"

オブジェクト参照を Nothing に設定

Visual Basic

o = Nothing

C++

o = nullptr;  // when compiling with /clr

C#

o = null;

F#

// for an option type
o <- None
// when you really want a null value
o <- null

値型の初期化

Visual Basic

Dim dt as New System.DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844)

C++

System::DateTime dt = System::DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844);

C#

System.DateTime dt = new System.DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844);

F#

let dt = new System.DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844)

ジェネリック型

Visual Basic

' Define a generic type
Public Class classMaker(Of t)
' Constrain a type parameter
Public Class classMaker(Of t As IComparable)
' Create an object from a generic type
Dim integerClass As New classMaker(Of Integer)

C++

// Define a generic type
generic <typename T> ref class testList { ... };
// Constrain a type parameter
generic <typename T> where T : IComparable<T>
ref class testList { ... };
// Create an object from a generic type
testList<int>^ list = gcnew testList<int>();

C#

// Define a generic type
public class testList<T>{...}
// Constrain a type parameter
public class testList<T> where T : IComparable<T>
// Create an object from a generic type
testList<int> list = new testList<int>();

F#

// Define a generic type
type testList<'T> =
    ...
// Constraint a type parameter
type testList<'T when 'T :> IComparable<'T>>
// Create an object from a generic type
let list1 = new testList<int>()

参照

参照

各言語のキーワードの比較

各言語のデータ型の比較

各言語の演算子の比較

各言語およびライブラリにおける、コントロールとプログラミング可能オブジェクトの比較

その他の技術情報

各言語の比較