TN014: Custom Controls
This note describes the MFC Support for custom and self-drawing controls. It also describes dynamic subclassing, and describes the relationship between CWnd objects and HWNDs.
The MFC sample application CTRLTEST illustrates how to use many custom controls. See the source code for the MFC General sample CTRLTEST and online help.
Owner-Draw Controls/Menus
Windows provides support for owner-draw controls and menus by using Windows messages. The parent window of any control or menu receives these messages and calls functions in response. You can override these functions to customize the visual appearance and behavior of your owner-draw control or menu.
MFC directly supports owner-draw with the following functions:
You can override these functions in your CWnd derived class to implement custom draw behavior.
This approach does not lead to reusable code. If you have two similar controls in two different CWnd classes, you must implement the custom control behavior in two locations. The MFC-supported self-drawing control architecture solves this problem.
Self-Draw Controls and Menus
MFC provides a default implementation (in the CWnd and CMenu classes) for the standard owner-draw messages. This default implementation will decode the owner-draw parameters and delegate the owner-draw messages to the controls or menu. This is called self-draw because the drawing code is in the class of the control or menu, not in the owner window.
By using self-draw controls you can build reusable control classes that use owner-draw semantics to display the control. The code for drawing the control is in the control class, not its parent. This is an object-oriented approach to custom control programming. Add the following list of functions to your self-draw classes:
For self-draw buttons:
CButton:DrawItem(LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to draw this buttonFor self-draw menus:
CMenu:MeasureItem(LPMEASUREITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to measure the size of an item in this menu CMenu:DrawItem(LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to draw an item in this menuFor self-draw list boxes:
CListBox:MeasureItem(LPMEASUREITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to measure the size of an item in this list box CListBox:DrawItem(LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to draw an item in this list box CListBox:CompareItem(LPCOMPAREITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to compare two items in this list box if LBS_SORT CListBox:DeleteItem(LPDELETEITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to delete an item from this list boxFor self-draw combo boxes:
CComboBox:MeasureItem(LPMEASUREITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to measure the size of an item in this combo box CComboBox:DrawItem(LPDRAWITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to draw an item in this combo box CComboBox:CompareItem(LPCOMPAREITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to compare two items in this combo box if CBS_SORT CComboBox:DeleteItem(LPDELETEITEMSTRUCT); // insert code to delete an item from this combo box
For details on the owner-draw structures (DRAWITEMSTRUCT, MEASUREITEMSTRUCT, COMPAREITEMSTRUCT, and DELETEITEMSTRUCT) see the MFC documentation for CWnd::OnDrawItem, CWnd::OnMeasureItem, CWnd::OnCompareItem, and CWnd::OnDeleteItem respectively.
Using self-draw controls and menus
For self-draw menus, you must override both the OnMeasureItem and OnDrawItem methods.
For self-draw list boxes and combo boxes, you must override OnMeasureItem and OnDrawItem. You must specify the LBS_OWNERDRAWVARIABLE style for list boxes or CBS_OWNERDRAWVARIABLE style for combo boxes in the dialog template. The OWNERDRAWFIXED style will not work with self-draw items because the fixed item height is determined before self-draw controls are attached to the list box. (You can use the methods CListBox::SetItemHeight and CComboBox::SetItemHeight to overcome this limitation.)
Switching to an OWNERDRAWVARIABLE style will force the system to apply the NOINTEGRALHEIGHT style to the control. Because the control cannot calculate an integral height with variable sized items, the default style of INTEGRALHEIGHT is ignored and the control is always NOINTEGRALHEIGHT. If your items are fixed height, you can prevent partial items from being drawn by specifying the control size to be an integer multiplier of the item size.
For self-drawing list boxes and combo boxes with the LBS_SORT or CBS_SORT style, you must override the OnCompareItem method.
For self-drawing list boxes and combo boxes, OnDeleteItem is not usually overridden. You can override OnDeleteItem if you want to perform any special processing. One case where this would be applicable is when additional memory or other resources are stored with each list box or combo box item.
Examples of Self-Drawing Controls and Menus
The MFC General sample CTRLTEST provides samples of a self-draw menu and a self-draw list box.
The most typical example of a self-drawing button is a bitmap button. A bitmap button is a button that shows one, two, or three bitmap images for the different states. An example of this is provided in the MFC class CBitmapButton.
Dynamic Subclassing
Occasionally you will want to change the functionality of an object that already exists. The previous examples required you to customize the controls before they were created. Dynamic subclassing enables you to customize a control that has already been created.
Subclassing is the Windows term for replacing the WndProc of a window with a customized WndProc and calling the old WndProc for default functionality.
This should not be confused with C++ class derivation. For clarification, the C++ terms base class and derived class are analogous to superclass and subclass in the Windows object model. C++ derivation with MFC and Windows subclassing are functionally similar, except C++ does not support dynamic subclassing.
The CWnd class provides the connection between a C++ object (derived from CWnd) and a Windows window object (known as an HWND).
There are three common ways these are related:
CWnd creates the HWND. You can modify the behavior in a derived class by creating a class derived from CWnd. The HWND is created when your application calls CWnd::Create.
The application attaches a CWnd to an existing HWND. The behavior of the existing window is not modified. This is a case of delegation and is made possible by calling CWnd::Attach to alias an existing HWND to a CWnd object.
CWnd is attached to an existing HWND and you can modify the behavior in a derived class. This is called dynamic subclassing because we are changing the behavior, and therefore the class, of a Windows object at run time.
You can achieve dynamic subclassing by using the methods CWnd::SubclassWindow andCWnd::SubclassDlgItem.
Both routines attach a CWnd object to an existing HWND. SubclassWindow takes the HWND directly. SubclassDlgItem is a helper function that takes a control ID and the parent window. SubclassDlgItem is designed for attaching C++ objects to dialog controls created from a dialog template.
See the CTRLTEST example for several examples of when to use SubclassWindow and SubclassDlgItem.