What is Azure Web Application Firewall on Azure Application Gateway?

The Azure Web Application Firewall (WAF) on Azure Application Gateway actively safeguards your web applications against common exploits and vulnerabilities. As web applications become more frequent targets for malicious attacks, these attacks often exploit well-known vulnerabilities such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting.

WAF on Application Gateway is based on the Core Rule Set (CRS) from the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP).

All of the following WAF features exist inside of a WAF policy. You can create multiple policies, and they can be associated with an Application Gateway, to individual listeners, or to path-based routing rules on an Application Gateway. This way, you can have separate policies for each site behind your Application Gateway if needed. For more information on WAF policies, see Create a WAF Policy.

Note

Application Gateway has two versions of the WAF sku: Application Gateway WAF_v1 and Application Gateway WAF_v2. WAF policy associations are only supported for the Application Gateway WAF_v2 sku.

Application Gateway operates as an application delivery controller (ADC). It offers Transport Layer Security (TLS), previously known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), termination, cookie-based session affinity, round-robin load distribution, content-based routing, ability to host multiple websites, and security enhancements.

Application Gateway enhances security through TLS policy management and end-to-end TLS support. By integrating WAF into Application Gateway, it fortifies application security. This combination actively defends your web applications against common vulnerabilities and offers a centrally manageable, easy-to-configure location.

Benefits

This section describes the core benefits that WAF on Application Gateway provides.

Protection

• Protect your web applications from web vulnerabilities and attacks without modification to back-end code.

• Protect multiple web applications at the same time. An instance of Application Gateway can host up to 40 websites that are protected by a web application firewall.

• Create custom WAF policies for different sites behind the same WAF.

• Protect your web applications from malicious bots with the IP Reputation ruleset.

• Protect your application against DDoS attacks. For more information, see Application DDoS Protection.

Monitoring

• Monitor attacks against your web applications by using a real-time WAF log. The log is integrated with Azure Monitor to track WAF alerts and easily monitor trends.

• The Application Gateway WAF is integrated with Microsoft Defender for Cloud. Defender for Cloud provides a central view of the security state of all your Azure, hybrid, and multicloud resources.

Customization

• Customize WAF rules and rule groups to suit your application requirements and eliminate false positives.

• Associate a WAF Policy for each site behind your WAF to allow for site-specific configuration

• Create custom rules to suit the needs of your application

Features

• SQL injection protection.
• Cross-site scripting protection.
• Protection against other common web attacks, such as command injection, HTTP request smuggling, HTTP response splitting, and remote file inclusion.
• Protection against HTTP protocol violations.
• Protection against HTTP protocol anomalies, such as missing host user-agent and accept headers.
• Protection against crawlers and scanners.
• Detection of common application misconfigurations (for example, Apache and IIS).
• Configurable request size limits with lower and upper bounds.
• Exclusion lists let you omit certain request attributes from a WAF evaluation. A common example is Active Directory-inserted tokens that are used for authentication or password fields.
• Create custom rules to suit the specific needs of your applications.
• Geo-filter traffic to allow or block certain countries/regions from gaining access to your applications.
• Protect your applications from bots with the bot mitigation ruleset.
• Inspect JSON and XML in the request body

WAF policy and rules

To enable a Web Application Firewall on Application Gateway, you must create a WAF policy. This policy is where all of the managed rules, custom rules, exclusions, and other customizations such as file upload limit exist.

You can configure a WAF policy and associate that policy to one or more application gateways for protection. A WAF policy consists of two types of security rules:

• Custom rules that you create

• Managed rule sets that are a collection of Azure-managed preconfigured set of rules

When both are present, custom rules are processed before processing the rules in a managed rule set. A rule is made of a match condition, a priority, and an action. Action types supported are: ALLOW, BLOCK, and LOG. You can create a fully customized policy that meets your specific application protection requirements by combining managed and custom rules.

Rules within a policy are processed in a priority order. Priority is a unique integer that defines the order of rules to process. Smaller integer value denotes a higher priority and those rules are evaluated before rules with a higher integer value. Once a rule is matched, the corresponding action that was defined in the rule is applied to the request. Once such a match is processed, rules with lower priorities aren't processed further.

A web application delivered by Application Gateway can have a WAF policy associated to it at the global level, at a per-site level, or at a per-URI level.

Core rule sets

Application Gateway supports multiple rule sets, including CRS 3.2, CRS 3.1, and CRS 3.0. These rules protect your web applications from malicious activity.

For more information, see Web application firewall CRS rule groups and rules.

Custom rules

Application Gateway also supports custom rules. With custom rules, you can create your own rules, which are evaluated for each request that passes through WAF. These rules hold a higher priority than the rest of the rules in the managed rule sets. If a set of conditions is met, an action is taken to allow or block.

The geomatch operator is now available for custom rules. See geomatch custom rules for more information.

For more information on custom rules, see Custom Rules for Application Gateway.

Bot protection rule set

You can enable a managed bot protection rule set to take custom actions on requests from all bot categories.

Three bot categories are supported:

• Bad

  Bad bots are bots with malicious IP addresses and bots that have falsified their identities. Bad bots includes malicious IP addresses that are sourced from the Microsoft Threat Intelligence feed’s high confidence IP Indicators of Compromise and IP reputation feeds. Bad bots also include bots that identify themselves as good bots but their IP addresses don’t belong to legitimate bot publishers.

• Good

  Good Bots are trusted user agents. Good bot rules are categorized into multiple categories to provide granular control over WAF policy configuration. These categories include:

  • verified search engine bots (such as Googlebot and Bingbot)
  • validated link checker bots
  • verified social media bots (such as Facebookbot and LinkedInBot)
  • verified advertising bots
  • verified content checker bots
  • validated miscellaneous bots

• Unknown

  Unknown bots are user agents without additional validation. Unknown bots also include malicious IP addresses that are sourced from Microsoft Threat Intelligence feed’s medium confidence IP Indicators of Compromise.

The WAF platform actively manages and dynamically updates the bot signatures.

You can assign Microsoft_BotManagerRuleSet_1.0 by using the Assign option under Managed Rulesets:

When Bot protection is enabled, it blocks, allows, or logs incoming requests that match bot rules based on the action you've configured. It blocks malicious bots, allows verified search engine crawlers, blocks unknown search engine crawlers, and logs unknown bots by default. You have the option to set custom actions to block, allow, or log different types of bots.

You can access WAF logs from a storage account, event hub, log analytics, or send logs to a partner solution.

For more information about Application Gateway bot protection, see Azure Web Application Firewall on Azure Application Gateway bot protection overview.

WAF modes

The Application Gateway WAF can be configured to run in the following two modes:

• Detection mode: Monitors and logs all threat alerts. You turn on logging diagnostics for Application Gateway in the Diagnostics section. You must also make sure that the WAF log is selected and turned on. Web application firewall doesn't block incoming requests when it's operating in Detection mode.
• Prevention mode: Blocks intrusions and attacks that the rules detect. The attacker receives a "403 unauthorized access" exception, and the connection is closed. Prevention mode records such attacks in the WAF logs.

Note

It is recommended that you run a newly deployed WAF in Detection mode for a short period of time in a production environment. This provides the opportunity to obtain firewall logs and update any exceptions or custom rules prior to transition to Prevention mode. This can help reduce the occurrence of unexpected blocked traffic.

WAF engines

The Azure web application firewall (WAF) engine is the component that inspects traffic and determines whether a request includes a signature that represents a potential attack. When you use CRS 3.2 or later, your WAF runs the new WAF engine, which gives you higher performance and an improved set of features. When you use earlier versions of the CRS, your WAF runs on an older engine. New features are only available on the new Azure WAF engine.

WAF actions

You can choose which action is run when a request matches a rule condition. The following actions are supported:

• Allow: Request passes through the WAF and is forwarded to back-end. No further lower priority rules can block this request. Allow actions are only applicable to the Bot Manager ruleset, and aren't applicable to the Core Rule Set.
• Block: The request is blocked and WAF sends a response to the client without forwarding the request to the back-end.
• Log: Request is logged in the WAF logs and WAF continues evaluating lower priority rules.
• Anomaly score: This is the default action for CRS ruleset where total anomaly score is incremented when a rule with this action is matched. Anomaly scoring isn't applicable for the Bot Manager ruleset.

Anomaly Scoring mode

OWASP has two modes for deciding whether to block traffic: Traditional mode and Anomaly Scoring mode.

In Traditional mode, traffic that matches any rule is considered independently of any other rule matches. This mode is easy to understand. But the lack of information about how many rules match a specific request is a limitation. So, Anomaly Scoring mode was introduced. It's the default for OWASP 3.x.

In Anomaly Scoring mode, traffic that matches any rule isn't immediately blocked when the firewall is in Prevention mode. Rules have a certain severity: Critical, Error, Warning, or Notice. That severity affects a numeric value for the request, which is called the Anomaly Score. For example, one Warning rule match contributes 3 to the score. One Critical rule match contributes 5.

Severity	Value
Critical	5
Error	4
Warning	3
Notice	2

There's a threshold of 5 for the Anomaly Score to block traffic. So, a single Critical rule match is enough for the Application Gateway WAF to block a request, even in Prevention mode. But one Warning rule match only increases the Anomaly Score by 3, which isn't enough by itself to block the traffic.

Note

The message that's logged when a WAF rule matches traffic includes the action value "Matched." If the total anomaly score of all matched rules is 5 or greater, and the WAF policy is running in Prevention mode, the request will trigger a mandatory anomaly rule with the action value "Blocked" and the request will be stopped. However, if the WAF policy is running in Detection mode, the request will trigger the action value "Detected" and the request will be logged and passed to the backend. For more information, see Troubleshoot Web Application Firewall (WAF) for Azure Application Gateway.

Configuration

You can configure and deploy all WAF policies using the Azure portal, REST APIs, Azure Resource Manager templates, and Azure PowerShell. You can also configure and manage Azure WAF policies at scale using Firewall Manager integration (preview). For more information, see Use Azure Firewall Manager to manage Web Application Firewall policies (preview).

WAF monitoring

It's important to monitor the health of your application gateway. You can support this by integrating your WAF and the applications it protects with Microsoft Defender for Cloud, Azure Monitor, and Azure Monitor logs.

Azure Monitor

Application Gateway logs are integrated with Azure Monitor. This allows you to track diagnostic information, including WAF alerts and logs. You can access this capability on the Diagnostics tab in the Application Gateway resource in the portal or directly through Azure Monitor. To learn more about enabling logs, see Application Gateway diagnostics.

Microsoft Defender for Cloud

Defender for Cloud helps you prevent, detect, and respond to threats. It provides increased visibility into and control over the security of your Azure resources. Application Gateway is integrated with Defender for Cloud. Defender for Cloud scans your environment to detect unprotected web applications. It can recommend Application Gateway WAF to protect these vulnerable resources. You create the firewalls directly from Defender for Cloud. These WAF instances are integrated with Defender for Cloud. They send alerts and health information to Defender for Cloud for reporting.

Microsoft Sentinel

Microsoft Sentinel is a scalable, cloud-native, security information event management (SIEM) and security orchestration automated response (SOAR) solution. Microsoft Sentinel delivers intelligent security analytics and threat intelligence across the enterprise, providing a single solution for alert detection, threat visibility, proactive hunting, and threat response.

With the built-in Azure WAF firewall events workbook, you can get an overview of the security events on your WAF. This includes events, matched and blocked rules, and everything else that gets logged in the firewall logs. More information on logging follows.

Azure Monitor Workbook for WAF

This workbook enables custom visualization of security-relevant WAF events across several filterable panels. It works with all WAF types, including Application Gateway, Front Door, and CDN, and can be filtered based on WAF type or a specific WAF instance. Import via ARM Template or Gallery Template. To deploy this workbook, see WAF Workbook.

Logging

Application Gateway WAF provides detailed reporting on each threat that it detects. Logging is integrated with Azure Diagnostics logs. Alerts are recorded in the .json format. These logs can be integrated with Azure Monitor logs.

{
  "resourceId": "/SUBSCRIPTIONS/{subscriptionId}/RESOURCEGROUPS/{resourceGroupId}/PROVIDERS/MICROSOFT.NETWORK/APPLICATIONGATEWAYS/{appGatewayName}",
  "operationName": "ApplicationGatewayFirewall",
  "time": "2017-03-20T15:52:09.1494499Z",
  "category": "ApplicationGatewayFirewallLog",
  "properties": {
    {
      "instanceId": "ApplicationGatewayRole_IN_0",
      "clientIp": "203.0.113.145",
      "clientPort": "0",
      "requestUri": "/",
      "ruleSetType": "OWASP",
      "ruleSetVersion": "3.0",
      "ruleId": "920350",
      "ruleGroup": "920-PROTOCOL-ENFORCEMENT",
      "message": "Host header is a numeric IP address",
      "action": "Matched",
      "site": "Global",
      "details": {
        "message": "Warning. Pattern match \"^[\\\\d.:]+$\" at REQUEST_HEADERS:Host ....",
        "data": "127.0.0.1",
        "file": "rules/REQUEST-920-PROTOCOL-ENFORCEMENT.conf",
        "line": "791"
      },
      "hostname": "127.0.0.1",
      "transactionId": "16861477007022634343"
      "policyId": "/subscriptions/aaaa0a0a-bb1b-cc2c-dd3d-eeeeee4e4e4e/resourceGroups/drewRG/providers/Microsoft.Network/ApplicationGatewayWebApplicationFirewallPolicies/globalWafPolicy",
      "policyScope": "Global",
      "policyScopeName": " Global "
    }
  }
} 

Application Gateway WAF SKU pricing

The pricing models are different for the WAF_v1 and WAF_v2 SKUs. See the Application Gateway pricing page to learn more.

What's new

To learn what's new with Azure Web Application Firewall, see Azure updates.

Next steps

• Learn more about WAF managed rules
• Learn more about Custom Rules
• Learn about Web Application Firewall on Azure Front Door
• Learn more about Azure network security