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DBCC CHECKTABLE (Transact-SQL)

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Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance

Checks the integrity of all the pages and structures that make up the table or indexed view.

Transact-SQL syntax conventions

Syntax

DBCC CHECKTABLE
(
    table_name | view_name
    [ , { NOINDEX | index_id }
     | , { REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS | REPAIR_FAST | REPAIR_REBUILD }
    ]
)
    [ WITH
        { [ ALL_ERRORMSGS ]
          [ , EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS ]
          [ , NO_INFOMSGS ]
          [ , TABLOCK ]
          [ , ESTIMATEONLY ]
          [ , { PHYSICAL_ONLY | DATA_PURITY } ]
          [ , MAXDOP = number_of_processors ]
        }
    ]

Arguments

table_name | view_name

The table or indexed view for which to run integrity checks. Table or view names must comply with the rules for identifiers.

NOINDEX

Specifies that intensive checks of nonclustered indexes for user tables shouldn't be performed. This decreases the overall execution time. NOINDEX doesn't affect system tables because the integrity checks are always performed on all system table indexes.

index_id

The index identification (ID) number for which to run integrity checks. If index_id is specified, DBCC CHECKTABLE runs integrity checks only on that index, together with the heap or clustered index.

REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS | REPAIR_FAST | REPAIR_REBUILD

Specifies that DBCC CHECKTABLE repair the found errors. To use a repair option, the database must be in single-user mode.

  • REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS

    Tries to repair all reported errors. These repairs can cause some data loss.

  • REPAIR_FAST

    Syntax is maintained for backward compatibility only. No repair actions are performed.

  • REPAIR_REBUILD

    Performs repairs that have no possibility of data loss. This can include quick repairs, such as repairing missing rows in nonclustered indexes, and more time-consuming repairs, such as rebuilding an index.

    This argument doesn't repair errors involving FILESTREAM data.

Important

Use the REPAIR options only as a last resort. To repair errors, we recommend restoring from a backup. Repair operations don't consider any of the constraints that may exist on or between tables. If the specified table is involved in one or more constraints, we recommend running DBCC CHECKCONSTRAINTS after a repair operation. If you must use REPAIR, run DBCC CHECKTABLE without a repair option to find the repair level to use. If you use the REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS level, we recommend that you back up the database before you run DBCC CHECKTABLE with this option.

ALL_ERRORMSGS

Displays an unlimited number of errors. All error messages are displayed by default. Specifying or omitting this option has no effect.

EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS

If the compatibility level is 100, introduced in SQL Server 2008 (10.0.x), performs logical consistency checks on an indexed view, XML indexes, and spatial indexes, where present.

For more information, see Performing Logical Consistency Checks on Indexes in the Remarks section later in this article.

NO_INFOMSGS

Suppresses all informational messages.

TABLOCK

Causes DBCC CHECKTABLE to obtain a shared table lock instead of using an internal database snapshot. TABLOCK will cause DBCC CHECKTABLE to run faster on a table under heavy load, but decreases the concurrency available on the table while DBCC CHECKTABLE is running.

ESTIMATEONLY

Displays the estimated amount of tempdb space needed to run DBCC CHECKTABLE with all the other specified options.

PHYSICAL_ONLY

Limits the checking to the integrity of the physical structure of the page, record headers and the physical structure of B-trees. Designed to provide a small overhead check of the physical consistency of the table, this check can also detect torn pages, and common hardware failures that can compromise data. A full run of DBCC CHECKTABLE may take considerably longer than in earlier versions. This behavior occurs because of the following reasons:

  • The logical checks are more comprehensive.
  • Some of the underlying structures to be checked are more complex.
  • Many new checks have been introduced to include the new features.

Note

Documentation uses the term B-tree generally in reference to indexes. In rowstore indexes, the Database Engine implements a B+ tree. This does not apply to columnstore indexes or indexes on memory-optimized tables. For more information, see the SQL Server and Azure SQL index architecture and design guide.

Therefore, using the PHYSICAL_ONLY option may cause a much shorter run-time for DBCC CHECKTABLE on large tables and is therefore recommended for frequent use on production systems. We still recommend that a full run of DBCC CHECKTABLE is performed periodically. The frequency of these runs depends on factors specific to individual businesses and production environments. PHYSICAL_ONLY always implies NO_INFOMSGS and isn't allowed with any one of the repair options.

Note

Specifying PHYSICAL_ONLY causes DBCC CHECKTABLE to skip all checks of FILESTREAM data.

DATA_PURITY

Causes DBCC CHECKTABLE to check the table for column values that aren't valid or out-of-range. For example, DBCC CHECKTABLE detects columns with date and time values that are larger than or less than the acceptable range for the datetime data type; or decimal or approximate-numeric data type columns with scale or precision values that aren't valid.

Column-value integrity checks are enabled by default and don't require the DATA_PURITY option. For databases upgraded from earlier versions of SQL Server, you can use DBCC CHECKTABLE WITH DATA_PURITY to find and correct errors on a specific table; however, column-value checks on the table aren't enabled by default until DBCC CHECKDB WITH DATA_PURITY has been run error free on the database. After this, DBCC CHECKDB and DBCC CHECKTABLE check column-value integrity by default.

Validation errors reported by this option can't be fixed by using DBCC repair options. For information about manually correcting these errors, see Knowledge Base article 923247: Troubleshooting DBCC error 2570 in SQL Server 2005 and later versions.

If PHYSICAL_ONLY is specified, column-integrity checks aren't performed.

MAXDOP

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) Service Pack 2 and later versions.

Overrides the max degree of parallelism configuration option of sp_configure for the statement. The MAXDOP can exceed the value configured with sp_configure. If MAXDOP exceeds the value configured with Resource Governor, the Database Engine uses the Resource Governor MAXDOP value, described in ALTER WORKLOAD GROUP (Transact-SQL). All semantic rules used with the max degree of parallelism configuration option are applicable when you use the MAXDOP query hint. For more information, see Configure the max degree of parallelism Server Configuration Option.

Note

If MAXDOP is set to zero then the server chooses the max degree of parallelism.

Remarks

Note

To perform DBCC CHECKTABLE on every table in the database, use DBCC CHECKDB.

For the specified table, DBCC CHECKTABLE checks for the following:

  • Index, in-row, LOB, and row-overflow data pages are correctly linked.
  • Indexes are in their correct sort order.
  • Pointers are consistent.
  • The data on each page is reasonable, included computed columns.
  • Page offsets are reasonable.
  • Every row in the base table has a matching row in each nonclustered index, and vice-versa.
  • Every row in a partitioned table or index is in the correct partition.
  • Link-level consistency between the file system and table when storing varbinary(max) data in the file system using FILESTREAM.

Perform logical consistency checks on indexes

Logical consistency checking on indexes varies according to the compatibility level of the database, as follows:

  • If the compatibility level is 100 (SQL Server 2008 (10.0.x)) or higher:

    • Unless NOINDEX is specified, DBCC CHECKTABLE performs both physical and logical consistency checks on a single table and on all its nonclustered indexes. However, on XML indexes, spatial indexes, and indexed views only physical consistency checks are performed by default.

    • If WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS is specified, logical checks are performed on an indexed view, XML indexes, and spatial indexes, where present. By default, physical consistency checks are performed before the logical consistency checks. If NOINDEX is also specified, only the logical checks are performed.

      These logical consistency checks cross check the internal index table of the index object with the user table that it is referencing. To find outlying rows, an internal query is constructed to perform a full intersection of the internal and user tables. Running this query can have a very high effect on performance, and its progress can't be tracked. Therefore, we recommend that you specify WITH EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS only if you suspect index issues that are unrelated to physical corruption, or if page-level checksums have been turned off and you suspect column-level hardware corruption.

    • If the index is a filtered index, DBCC CHECKTABLE performs consistency checks to verify that the index entries satisfy the filter predicate.

  • Starting with SQL Server 2016 (13.x), additional checks on persisted computed columns, UDT columns, and filtered indexes won't run by default to avoid the expensive expression evaluations. This change greatly reduces the duration of CHECKTABLE against databases containing these objects. However, the physical consistency checks of these objects are always completed. Only when EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS option is specified are the expression evaluations performed, in addition to already present logical checks (indexed view, XML indexes, and spatial indexes) as part of the EXTENDED_LOGICAL_CHECKS option.

  • If the compatibility level is 90 (SQL Server 2005 (9.x)) or less, unless NOINDEX is specified, DBCC CHECKTABLE performs both physical and logical consistency checks on a single table or indexed view and on all its nonclustered and XML indexes. Spatial indexes aren't supported.

To learn the compatibility level of a database

Internal database snapshot

DBCC CHECKTABLE uses an internal database snapshot to provide the transactional consistency that it must have to perform these checks. For more information, see View the Size of the Sparse File of a Database Snapshot (Transact-SQL) and the DBCC internal database snapshot usage section in DBCC (Transact-SQL).

If a snapshot can't be created, or TABLOCK is specified, DBCC CHECKTABLE acquires a shared table lock to obtain the required consistency.

Note

If DBCC CHECKTABLE is run against tempdb, it must acquire a shared table lock. This is because, for performance reasons, database snapshots are not available on tempdb. This means that the required transactional consistency cannot be obtained.

Check and repair FILESTREAM data

When FILESTREAM is enabled for a database and table, you can optionally store varbinary(max) binary large objects (BLOBs) in the file system. When using DBCC CHECKTABLE on a table that stores BLOBs in the file system, DBCC checks link-level consistency between the file system and database.

For example, if a table contains a varbinary(max) column that uses the FILESTREAM attribute, DBCC CHECKTABLE will check that there is a one-to-one mapping between file system directories and files and table rows, columns, and column values. DBCC CHECKTABLE can repair corruption if you specify the REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS option. To repair FILESTREAM corruption, DBCC will delete any table rows that are missing file system data and will delete any directories and files that don't map to a table row, column, or column value.

Check objects in parallel

By default, DBCC CHECKTABLE performs parallel checking of objects. The degree of parallelism is automatically determined by the query processor. The maximum degree of parallelism is configured in the same manner as that of parallel queries. To restrict the maximum number of processors available for DBCC checking, use sp_configure. For more information, see Configure the max degree of parallelism Server Configuration Option.

Parallel checking can be disabled by using Trace Flag 2528. For more information, see Trace Flags (Transact-SQL).

Note

During a DBCC CHECKTABLE operation, the bytes that are stored in a byte-ordered user-defined type column must be equal to the computed serialization of the user-defined type value. If this is not true, the DBCC CHECKTABLE routine will report a consistency error.

Note

This feature is not available in every edition of SQL Server. For more information, see parallel consistency check in the RDBMS manageability section of Editions and supported features of SQL Server 2022.

Understand DBCC error messages

After the DBCC CHECKTABLE command finishes, a message is written to the SQL Server error log. If the DBCC command successfully executes, the message indicates a successful completion and the amount of time that the command ran. If the DBCC command stops before completing the check because of an error, the message indicates the command was terminated, a state value, and the amount of time the command ran. The following table lists and describes the state values that can be included in the message.

State Description
0 Error number 8930 was raised. This indicates a metadata corruption that caused the DBCC command to terminate.
1 Error number 8967 was raised. There was an internal DBCC error.
2 A failure occurred during emergency mode database repair.
3 This indicates a metadata corruption that caused the DBCC command to terminate.
4 An assert or access violation was detected.
5 An unknown error occurred that terminated the DBCC command.

Error reporting

A mini-dump file (SQLDUMP<nnnn>.txt) is created in the SQL Server LOG directory whenever DBCC CHECKTABLE detects a corruption error. When the Feature Usage data collection and Error Reporting features are enabled for the instance of SQL Server, the file is automatically forwarded to Microsoft. The collected data is used to improve SQL Server functionality.

The dump file contains the results of the DBCC CHECKTABLE command and additional diagnostic output. The file has restricted discretionary access-control lists (DACLs). Access is limited to the SQL Server service account and members of the sysadmin role. By default, the sysadmin role contains all members of the Windows BUILTIN\Administrators group and the local administrator's group. The DBCC command doesn't fail if the data collection process fails.

Resolve errors

If DBCC CHECKTABLE reports any errors, we recommend restoring the database from the database backup instead of running REPAIR with one of the REPAIR options. If no backup exists, running REPAIR can correct the errors that are reported. The REPAIR option to use is specified at the end of the list of reported errors. However, that correcting the errors by using the REPAIR_ALLOW_DATA_LOSS option might require that some pages, and therefore data, be deleted.

The repair can be performed under a user transaction to allow the user to roll back the changes that have been made. If repairs are rolled back, the database will still contain errors, and must be restored from a backup. After you have completed all repairs, back up the database.

Result sets

DBCC CHECKTABLE returns the following result set. The same result set is returned if you specify only the table name or any of the options.

DBCC results for 'HumanResources.Employee'.
There are 288 rows in 13 pages for object 'Employee'.
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.

DBCC CHECKTABLE returns the following result set if the ESTIMATEONLY option is specified:

Estimated TEMPDB space needed for CHECKTABLES (KB)
--------------------------------------------------
21
(1 row(s) affected)
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.

Permissions

User must own the table, or be a member of the sysadmin fixed server role, the db_owner fixed database role, or the db_ddladmin fixed database role.

Examples

A. Check a specific table

The following example checks the data page integrity of the HumanResources.Employee table in the AdventureWorks2022 database.

DBCC CHECKTABLE ('HumanResources.Employee');
GO

B. Perform a low-overhead check of the table

The following example performs a low overhead check of the Employee table in the AdventureWorks2022 database.

DBCC CHECKTABLE ('HumanResources.Employee') WITH PHYSICAL_ONLY;
GO

C. Check a specific index

The following example checks a specific index, obtained by accessing sys.indexes.

DECLARE @indid int;
SET @indid = (SELECT index_id
              FROM sys.indexes
              WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID('Production.Product')
                    AND name = 'AK_Product_Name');
DBCC CHECKTABLE ('Production.Product',@indid);

See also