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Choose between controller-based APIs and minimal APIs

Note

This isn't the latest version of this article. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

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This version of ASP.NET Core is no longer supported. For more information, see .NET and .NET Core Support Policy. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

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This information relates to a pre-release product that may be substantially modified before it's commercially released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.

For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

ASP.NET Core supports two approaches to creating APIs: a controller-based approach and minimal APIs. Controllers in an API project are classes that derive from ControllerBase. Minimal APIs define endpoints with logical handlers in lambdas or methods. This article points out differences between the two approaches.

The design of minimal APIs hides the host class by default and focuses on configuration and extensibility via extension methods that take functions as lambda expressions. Controllers are classes that can take dependencies via constructor injection or property injection, and generally follow object-oriented patterns. Minimal APIs support dependency injection through other approaches such as accessing the service provider.

Here's sample code for an API based on controllers:


namespace APIWithControllers;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

        builder.Services.AddControllers();
        var app = builder.Build();

        app.UseHttpsRedirection();

        app.MapControllers();

        app.Run();
    }
}
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace APIWithControllers.Controllers;
[ApiController]
[Route("[controller]")]
public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
{
    private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
    {
        "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
    };

    private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;

    public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

    [HttpGet(Name = "GetWeatherForecast")]
    public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
    {
        return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
        {
            Date = DateOnly.FromDateTime(DateTime.Now.AddDays(index)),
            TemperatureC = Random.Shared.Next(-20, 55),
            Summary = Summaries[Random.Shared.Next(Summaries.Length)]
        })
        .ToArray();
    }
}

The following code provides the same functionality in a minimal API project. Notice that the minimal API approach involves including the related code in lambda expressions.


namespace MinimalAPI;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

        var app = builder.Build();

        app.UseHttpsRedirection();

        var summaries = new[]
        {
            "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
        };

        app.MapGet("/weatherforecast", (HttpContext httpContext) =>
        {
            var forecast = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index =>
                new WeatherForecast
                {
                    Date = DateOnly.FromDateTime(DateTime.Now.AddDays(index)),
                    TemperatureC = Random.Shared.Next(-20, 55),
                    Summary = summaries[Random.Shared.Next(summaries.Length)]
                })
                .ToArray();
            return forecast;
        });

        app.Run();
    }
}

Both API projects refer to the following class:

namespace APIWithControllers;

public class WeatherForecast
{
    public DateOnly Date { get; set; }

    public int TemperatureC { get; set; }

    public int TemperatureF => 32 + (int)(TemperatureC / 0.5556);

    public string? Summary { get; set; }
}

Minimal APIs have many of the same capabilities as controller-based APIs. They support the configuration and customization needed to scale to multiple APIs, handle complex routes, apply authorization rules, and control the content of API responses. There are a few capabilities available with controller-based APIs that are not yet supported or implemented by minimal APIs. These include:

See also

ASP.NET Core supports two approaches to creating APIs: a controller-based approach and minimal APIs. Controllers in an API project are classes that derive from ControllerBase. Minimal APIs define endpoints with logical handlers in lambdas or methods. This article points out differences between the two approaches.

The design of minimal APIs hides the host class by default and focuses on configuration and extensibility via extension methods that take functions as lambda expressions. Controllers are classes that can take dependencies via constructor injection or property injection, and generally follow object-oriented patterns. Minimal APIs support dependency injection through other approaches such as accessing the service provider.

Here's sample code for an API based on controllers:


namespace APIWithControllers;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

        builder.Services.AddControllers();
        var app = builder.Build();

        app.UseHttpsRedirection();

        app.MapControllers();

        app.Run();
    }
}
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace APIWithControllers.Controllers;
[ApiController]
[Route("[controller]")]
public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
{
    private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
    {
        "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
    };

    private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;

    public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

    [HttpGet(Name = "GetWeatherForecast")]
    public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
    {
        return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
        {
            Date = DateOnly.FromDateTime(DateTime.Now.AddDays(index)),
            TemperatureC = Random.Shared.Next(-20, 55),
            Summary = Summaries[Random.Shared.Next(Summaries.Length)]
        })
        .ToArray();
    }
}

The following code provides the same functionality in a minimal API project. Notice that the minimal API approach involves including the related code in lambda expressions.


namespace MinimalAPI;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

        var app = builder.Build();

        app.UseHttpsRedirection();

        var summaries = new[]
        {
            "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
        };

        app.MapGet("/weatherforecast", (HttpContext httpContext) =>
        {
            var forecast = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index =>
                new WeatherForecast
                {
                    Date = DateOnly.FromDateTime(DateTime.Now.AddDays(index)),
                    TemperatureC = Random.Shared.Next(-20, 55),
                    Summary = summaries[Random.Shared.Next(summaries.Length)]
                })
                .ToArray();
            return forecast;
        });

        app.Run();
    }
}

Both API projects refer to the following class:

namespace APIWithControllers;

public class WeatherForecast
{
    public DateOnly Date { get; set; }

    public int TemperatureC { get; set; }

    public int TemperatureF => 32 + (int)(TemperatureC / 0.5556);

    public string? Summary { get; set; }
}

Minimal APIs have many of the same capabilities as controller-based APIs. They support the configuration and customization needed to scale to multiple APIs, handle complex routes, apply authorization rules, and control the content of API responses. There are a few capabilities available with controller-based APIs that are not yet supported or implemented by minimal APIs. These include:

See also