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Troubleshoot gRPC on .NET

  • Artikkel

By James Newton-King

Note

This isn't the latest version of this article. For the current release, see the .NET 9 version of this article.

Warning

This version of ASP.NET Core is no longer supported. For more information, see .NET and .NET Core Support Policy. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

Important

This information relates to a pre-release product that may be substantially modified before it's commercially released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.

For the current release, see the .NET 9 version of this article.

This document discusses commonly encountered problems when developing gRPC apps on .NET.

Mismatch between client and service SSL/TLS configuration

The gRPC template and samples use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure gRPC services by default. gRPC clients need to use a secure connection to call secured gRPC services successfully.

You can verify the ASP.NET Core gRPC service is using TLS in the logs written on app start. The service will be listening on an HTTPS endpoint:

info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Now listening on: https://localhost:5001
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Hosting environment: Development

The .NET Core client must use https in the server address to make calls with a secured connection:

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001");
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

All gRPC client implementations support TLS. gRPC clients from other languages typically require the channel configured with SslCredentials. SslCredentials specifies the certificate that the client will use, and it must be used instead of insecure credentials. For examples of configuring the different gRPC client implementations to use TLS, see gRPC Authentication.

Call a gRPC service with an untrusted/invalid certificate

The .NET gRPC client requires the service to have a trusted certificate. The following error message is returned when calling a gRPC service without a trusted certificate:

Unhandled exception. System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: The SSL connection could not be established, see inner exception. ---> System.Security.Authentication.AuthenticationException: The remote certificate is invalid according to the validation procedure.

You may see this error if you are testing your app locally and the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate is not trusted. For instructions to fix this issue, see Trust the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate on Windows and macOS.

If you are calling a gRPC service on another machine and are unable to trust the certificate then the gRPC client can be configured to ignore the invalid certificate. The following code uses HttpClientHandler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback to allow calls without a trusted certificate:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

The gRPC client factory allows calls without a trusted certificate. Use the ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler extension method to configure the handler on the client:


var services = new ServiceCollection();

services
    .AddGrpcClient<Greeter.GreeterClient>(o =>
    {
        o.Address = new Uri("https://localhost:5001");
    })
    .ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() =>
    {
        var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
        handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback =
            HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

        return handler;
    });

Warning

Untrusted certificates should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use valid certificates.

Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client

The .NET gRPC client can call insecure gRPC services by specifing http in the server address. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000").

There are some additional requirements to call insecure gRPC services depending on the .NET version an app is using:

Important

Insecure gRPC services must be hosted on a HTTP/2-only port. For more information, see ASP.NET Core protocol negotiation.

Unable to start ASP.NET Core gRPC app on macOS

Kestrel doesn't support HTTP/2 with TLS on macOS before .NET 8. The ASP.NET Core gRPC template and samples use TLS by default. You'll see the following error message when you attempt to start the gRPC server:

Unable to bind to https://localhost:5001 on the IPv4 loopback interface: 'HTTP/2 over TLS is not supported on macOS due to missing ALPN support.'.

To work around this issue in .NET 7 and earlier, configure Kestrel and the gRPC client to use HTTP/2 without TLS. You should only do this during development. Not using TLS will result in gRPC messages being sent without encryption. For more information see Asp.Net Core 7.0: Unable to start ASP.NET Core gRPC app on macOS.

gRPC C# assets are not code generated from .proto files

gRPC code generation of concrete clients and service base classes requires protobuf files and tooling to be referenced from a project. You must include:

  • .proto files you want to use in the <Protobuf> item group. Imported .proto files must be referenced by the project.
  • Package reference to the gRPC tooling package Grpc.Tools.

For more information on generating gRPC C# assets, see gRPC services with C#.

An ASP.NET Core web app hosting gRPC services only needs the service base class generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Server" />
</ItemGroup>

A gRPC client app making gRPC calls only needs the concrete client generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Client" />
</ItemGroup>

WPF projects unable to generate gRPC C# assets from .proto files

WPF projects have a known issue that prevents gRPC code generation from working correctly. Any gRPC types generated in a WPF project by referencing Grpc.Tools and .proto files will create compilation errors when used:

error CS0246: The type or namespace name 'MyGrpcServices' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)

You can workaround this issue by:

  1. Create a new .NET Core class library project.
  2. In the new project, add references to enable C# code generation from .proto files:
  3. In the WPF application, add a reference to the new project.

The WPF application can use the gRPC generated types from the new class library project.

Calling gRPC services hosted in a sub-directory

Warning

Many third-party gRPC tools don't support services hosted in subdirectories. Consider finding a way to host gRPC as the root directory.

The path component of a gRPC channel's address is ignored when making gRPC calls. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001/ignored_path") won't use ignored_path when routing gRPC calls for the service.

The address path is ignored because gRPC has a standardized, prescriptive address structure. A gRPC address combines the package, service and method names: https://localhost:5001/PackageName.ServiceName/MethodName.

There are some scenarios when an app needs to include a path with gRPC calls. For example, when an ASP.NET Core gRPC app is hosted in an IIS directory and the directory needs to be included in the request. When a path is required, it can be added to the gRPC call using the custom SubdirectoryHandler specified below:

public class SubdirectoryHandler : DelegatingHandler
{
    private readonly string _subdirectory;

    public SubdirectoryHandler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler, string subdirectory)
        : base(innerHandler)
    {
        _subdirectory = subdirectory;
    }

    protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var old = request.RequestUri;

        var url = $"{old.Scheme}://{old.Host}:{old.Port}";
        url += $"{_subdirectory}{request.RequestUri.AbsolutePath}";
        request.RequestUri = new Uri(url, UriKind.Absolute);

        return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
}

SubdirectoryHandler is used when the gRPC channel is created.

var handler = new SubdirectoryHandler(new HttpClientHandler(), "/MyApp");

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001", new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(
                  new HelloRequest { Name = "GreeterClient" });

The preceding code:

  • Creates a SubdirectoryHandler with the path /MyApp.
  • Configures a channel to use SubdirectoryHandler.
  • Calls the gRPC service with SayHelloAsync. The gRPC call is sent to https://localhost:5001/MyApp/greet.Greeter/SayHello.

Alternatively, a client factory can be configured with SubdirectoryHandler by using AddHttpMessageHandler.

Configure gRPC client to use HTTP/3

The .NET gRPC client supports HTTP/3 with .NET 6 or later. If the server sends an alt-svc response header to the client that indicates the server supports HTTP/3, the client will automatically upgrade its connection to HTTP/3. For more information, see Use HTTP/3 with the ASP.NET Core Kestrel web server.

A DelegatingHandler can be used to force a gRPC client to use HTTP/3. Forcing HTTP/3 avoids the overhead of upgrading the request. Force HTTP/3 with code similar to the following:

public class Http3Handler : DelegatingHandler
{
    public Http3Handler() { }
    public Http3Handler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler) : base(innerHandler) { }

    protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        request.Version = HttpVersion.Version30;
        request.VersionPolicy = HttpVersionPolicy.RequestVersionExact;

        return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
}

Http3Handler is used when the gRPC channel is created. The following code creates a channel configured to use Http3Handler.

var handler = new Http3Handler(new HttpClientHandler());

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001", new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(
                  new HelloRequest { Name = "GreeterClient" });

Alternatively, a client factory can be configured with Http3Handler by using AddHttpMessageHandler.

Building gRPC on Alpine Linux

The Grpc.Tools package generates .NET types from .proto files using a bundled native binary called protoc. Additional steps are required to build gRPC apps on platforms that aren't supported by the native binaries in Grpc.Tools, such as Alpine Linux.

Generate code ahead of time

One solution is to generate code ahead of time.

  1. Move .proto files and the Grpc.Tools package reference to a new project.
  2. Publish the project as a NuGet package and upload it to a NuGet feed.
  3. Update the app to reference the NuGet package.

With the preceding steps, the app no longer requires Grpc.Tools to build because code is generated ahead of time.

Customize Grpc.Tools native binaries

Grpc.Tools supports using custom native binaries. This feature allows gRPC tooling to run in environments its bundled native binaries don't support.

Build or acquire protoc and grpc_csharp_plugin native binaries and configure Grpc.Tools to use them. Configure native binaries by setting the following environment variables:

  • PROTOBUF_PROTOC - Full path to the protocol buffers compiler
  • GRPC_PROTOC_PLUGIN - Full path to the grpc_csharp_plugin

For Alpine Linux, there are community-provided packages for the protocol buffers compiler and gRPC plugins at https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/.

# Build or install the binaries for your architecture.

# For Alpine Linux, the grpc-plugins package can be used.
# See https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/package/edge/community/x86_64/grpc-plugins
apk add grpc-plugins  # Alpine Linux specific package installer

# Set environment variables for the built/installed protoc
# and grpc_csharp_plugin binaries
export PROTOBUF_PROTOC=/usr/bin/protoc
export GRPC_PROTOC_PLUGIN=/usr/bin/grpc_csharp_plugin

# When dotnet build runs, the Grpc.Tools NuGet package
# uses the binaries pointed to by the environment variables.
dotnet build

For more information about using Grpc.Tools with unsupported architectures, see the gRPC build integration documentation.

gRPC call timeout from HttpClient.Timeout

HttpClient is configured with a 100 second timeout by default. If a GrpcChannel is configured to use an HttpClient, long-running gRPC streaming calls are canceled if they don’t complete within the timeout limit.

System.OperationCanceledException: The request was canceled due to the configured HttpClient.Timeout of 100 seconds elapsing.

There are a couple of ways to fix this error. The first is to configure HttpClient.Timeout to a larger value. Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan disables the timeout:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler) { Timeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan };
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpClient = httpClient });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

Alternatively, avoid creating HttpClient and set GrpcChannel.HttpHandler instead:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

This document discusses commonly encountered problems when developing gRPC apps on .NET.

Mismatch between client and service SSL/TLS configuration

The gRPC template and samples use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure gRPC services by default. gRPC clients need to use a secure connection to call secured gRPC services successfully.

You can verify the ASP.NET Core gRPC service is using TLS in the logs written on app start. The service will be listening on an HTTPS endpoint:

info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Now listening on: https://localhost:5001
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Hosting environment: Development

The .NET Core client must use https in the server address to make calls with a secured connection:

static async Task Main(string[] args)
{
    // The port number(5001) must match the port of the gRPC server.
    var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001");
    var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);
}

All gRPC client implementations support TLS. gRPC clients from other languages typically require the channel configured with SslCredentials. SslCredentials specifies the certificate that the client will use, and it must be used instead of insecure credentials. For examples of configuring the different gRPC client implementations to use TLS, see gRPC Authentication.

Call a gRPC service with an untrusted/invalid certificate

The .NET gRPC client requires the service to have a trusted certificate. The following error message is returned when calling a gRPC service without a trusted certificate:

Unhandled exception. System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: The SSL connection could not be established, see inner exception. ---> System.Security.Authentication.AuthenticationException: The remote certificate is invalid according to the validation procedure.

You may see this error if you are testing your app locally and the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate is not trusted. For instructions to fix this issue, see Trust the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate on Windows and macOS.

If you are calling a gRPC service on another machine and are unable to trust the certificate then the gRPC client can be configured to ignore the invalid certificate. The following code uses HttpClientHandler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback to allow calls without a trusted certificate:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

The gRPC client factory allows calls without a trusted certificate. Use the ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler extension method to configure the handler on the client:

builder.Services
    .AddGrpcClient<Greeter.GreeterClient>(o =>
    {
        o.Address = new Uri("https://localhost:5001");
    })
    .ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() =>
    {
        var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
        handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
            HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

        return handler;
    });

Warning

Untrusted certificates should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use valid certificates.

Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client

The .NET gRPC client can call insecure gRPC services by specifing http in the server address. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000").

There are some additional requirements to call insecure gRPC services depending on the .NET version an app is using:

  • .NET 5 or later requires Grpc.Net.Client version 2.32.0 or later.

  • .NET Core 3.x requires additional configuration. The app must set the System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport switch to true:

    // This switch must be set before creating the GrpcChannel/HttpClient.
AppContext.SetSwitch(
    "System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport", true);

// The port number(5000) must match the port of the gRPC server.
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000");
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

The System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport switch is only required for .NET Core 3.x. It does nothing in .NET 5 and isn't required.

Important

Insecure gRPC services must be hosted on a HTTP/2-only port. For more information, see ASP.NET Core protocol negotiation.

Unable to start ASP.NET Core gRPC app on macOS

Kestrel doesn't support HTTP/2 with TLS on macOS before .NET 8. The ASP.NET Core gRPC template and samples use TLS by default. You'll see the following error message when you attempt to start the gRPC server:

Unable to bind to https://localhost:5001 on the IPv4 loopback interface: 'HTTP/2 over TLS is not supported on macOS due to missing ALPN support.'.

To work around this issue in .NET 7 and earlier, configure Kestrel and the gRPC client to use HTTP/2 without TLS. You should only do this during development. Not using TLS will result in gRPC messages being sent without encryption.

Kestrel must configure an HTTP/2 endpoint without TLS in Program.cs:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.WebHost.ConfigureKestrel(options =>
{
    // Setup a HTTP/2 endpoint without TLS.
    options.ListenLocalhost(<5287>, o => o.Protocols =
        HttpProtocols.Http2);
});
  • In the preceding code, replace the localhost port number 5287 with the HTTP (not HTTPS) port number specified in Properties/launchSettings.json within the gRPC service project.

When an HTTP/2 endpoint is configured without TLS, the endpoint's ListenOptions.Protocols must be set to HttpProtocols.Http2. HttpProtocols.Http1AndHttp2 can't be used because TLS is required to negotiate HTTP/2. Without TLS, all connections to the endpoint default to HTTP/1.1, and gRPC calls fail.

The gRPC client must also be configured to not use TLS. For more information, see Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client.

Warning

HTTP/2 without TLS should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use transport security. For more information, see Security considerations in gRPC for ASP.NET Core.

gRPC C# assets are not code generated from .proto files

gRPC code generation of concrete clients and service base classes requires protobuf files and tooling to be referenced from a project. You must include:

  • .proto files you want to use in the <Protobuf> item group. Imported .proto files must be referenced by the project.
  • Package reference to the gRPC tooling package Grpc.Tools.

For more information on generating gRPC C# assets, see gRPC services with C#.

An ASP.NET Core web app hosting gRPC services only needs the service base class generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Server" />
</ItemGroup>

A gRPC client app making gRPC calls only needs the concrete client generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Client" />
</ItemGroup>

WPF projects unable to generate gRPC C# assets from .proto files

WPF projects have a known issue that prevents gRPC code generation from working correctly. Any gRPC types generated in a WPF project by referencing Grpc.Tools and .proto files will create compilation errors when used:

error CS0246: The type or namespace name 'MyGrpcServices' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)

You can workaround this issue by:

  1. Create a new .NET Core class library project.
  2. In the new project, add references to enable C# code generation from .proto files:
  3. In the WPF application, add a reference to the new project.

The WPF application can use the gRPC generated types from the new class library project.

Calling gRPC services hosted in a sub-directory

Warning

Many third-party gRPC tools don't support services hosted in subdirectories. Consider finding a way to host gRPC as the root directory.

The path component of a gRPC channel's address is ignored when making gRPC calls. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001/ignored_path") won't use ignored_path when routing gRPC calls for the service.

The address path is ignored because gRPC has a standardized, prescriptive address structure. A gRPC address combines the package, service and method names: https://localhost:5001/PackageName.ServiceName/MethodName.

There are some scenarios when an app needs to include a path with gRPC calls. For example, when an ASP.NET Core gRPC app is hosted in an IIS directory and the directory needs to be included in the request. When a path is required, it can be added to the gRPC call using the custom SubdirectoryHandler specified below:

/// <summary>
/// A delegating handler that adds a subdirectory to the URI of gRPC requests.
/// </summary>
public class SubdirectoryHandler : DelegatingHandler
{
    private readonly string _subdirectory;

    public SubdirectoryHandler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler, string subdirectory)
        : base(innerHandler)
    {
        _subdirectory = subdirectory;
    }

    protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var old = request.RequestUri;

        var url = $"{old.Scheme}://{old.Host}:{old.Port}";
        url += $"{_subdirectory}{request.RequestUri.AbsolutePath}";
        request.RequestUri = new Uri(url, UriKind.Absolute);

        return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
}

SubdirectoryHandler is used when the gRPC channel is created.

var handler = new SubdirectoryHandler(new HttpClientHandler(), "/MyApp");

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001", new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(new HelloRequest { Name = ".NET" });

The preceding code:

  • Creates a SubdirectoryHandler with the path /MyApp.
  • Configures a channel to use SubdirectoryHandler.
  • Calls the gRPC service with SayHelloAsync. The gRPC call is sent to https://localhost:5001/MyApp/greet.Greeter/SayHello.

Alternatively, a client factory can be configured with SubdirectoryHandler by using AddHttpMessageHandler.

Configure gRPC client to use HTTP/3

The .NET gRPC client supports HTTP/3 with .NET 6 or later. If the server sends an alt-svc response header to the client that indicates the server supports HTTP/3, the client will automatically upgrade its connection to HTTP/3. For information about how to enable HTTP/3 on the server, see Use HTTP/3 with the ASP.NET Core Kestrel web server.

HTTP/3 support in .NET 8 is enabled by default. HTTP/3 support in .NET 6 and .NET 7 needs to be enabled via a configuration flag in the project file:

<ItemGroup>
  <RuntimeHostConfigurationOption Include="System.Net.SocketsHttpHandler.Http3Support" Value="true" />
</ItemGroup>

System.Net.SocketsHttpHandler.Http3Support can also be set using AppContext.SetSwitch.

A DelegatingHandler can be used to force a gRPC client to use HTTP/3. Forcing HTTP/3 avoids the overhead of upgrading the request. Force HTTP/3 with code similar to the following:

/// <summary>
/// A delegating handler that changes the request HTTP version to HTTP/3.
/// </summary>
public class Http3Handler : DelegatingHandler
{
    public Http3Handler() { }
    public Http3Handler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler) : base(innerHandler) { }

    protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        request.Version = HttpVersion.Version30;
        request.VersionPolicy = HttpVersionPolicy.RequestVersionExact;

        return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
}

Http3Handler is used when the gRPC channel is created. The following code creates a channel configured to use Http3Handler.

var handler = new Http3Handler(new HttpClientHandler());

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001", new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(new HelloRequest { Name = ".NET" });

Alternatively, a client factory can be configured with Http3Handler by using AddHttpMessageHandler.

Building gRPC on Alpine Linux

The Grpc.Tools package generates .NET types from .proto files using a bundled native binary called protoc. Additional steps are required to build gRPC apps on platforms that aren't supported by the native binaries in Grpc.Tools, such as Alpine Linux.

Generate code ahead of time

One solution is to generate code ahead of time.

  1. Move .proto files and the Grpc.Tools package reference to a new project.
  2. Publish the project as a NuGet package and upload it to a NuGet feed.
  3. Update the app to reference the NuGet package.

With the preceding steps, the app no longer requires Grpc.Tools to build because code is generated ahead of time.

Customize Grpc.Tools native binaries

Grpc.Tools supports using custom native binaries. This feature allows gRPC tooling to run in environments its bundled native binaries don't support.

Build or acquire protoc and grpc_csharp_plugin native binaries and configure Grpc.Tools to use them. Configure native binaries by setting the following environment variables:

  • PROTOBUF_PROTOC - Full path to the protocol buffers compiler
  • GRPC_PROTOC_PLUGIN - Full path to the grpc_csharp_plugin

For Alpine Linux, there are community-provided packages for the protocol buffers compiler and gRPC plugins at https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/.

# Build or install the binaries for your architecture.

# For Alpine Linux, the grpc-plugins package can be used.
#  See https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/package/edge/community/x86_64/grpc-plugins
apk add grpc-plugins  # Alpine Linux specific package installer

# Set environment variables for the built/installed protoc
# and grpc_csharp_plugin binaries
export PROTOBUF_PROTOC=/usr/bin/protoc
export GRPC_PROTOC_PLUGIN=/usr/bin/grpc_csharp_plugin

# When dotnet build runs, the Grpc.Tools NuGet package
# uses the binaries pointed to by the environment variables.
dotnet build

For more information about using Grpc.Tools with unsupported architectures, see the gRPC build integration documentation.

gRPC call timeout from HttpClient.Timeout

HttpClient is configured with a 100 second timeout by default. If a GrpcChannel is configured to use an HttpClient, long-running gRPC streaming calls are canceled if they don’t complete within the timeout limit.

System.OperationCanceledException: The request was canceled due to the configured HttpClient.Timeout of 100 seconds elapsing.

There are a couple of ways to fix this error. The first is to configure HttpClient.Timeout to a larger value. Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan disables the timeout:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler) { Timeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan };
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpClient = httpClient });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

Alternatively, avoid creating HttpClient and set GrpcChannel.HttpHandler instead:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

This document discusses commonly encountered problems when developing gRPC apps on .NET.

Mismatch between client and service SSL/TLS configuration

The gRPC template and samples use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure gRPC services by default. gRPC clients need to use a secure connection to call secured gRPC services successfully.

You can verify the ASP.NET Core gRPC service is using TLS in the logs written on app start. The service will be listening on an HTTPS endpoint:

info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Now listening on: https://localhost:5001
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Hosting environment: Development

The .NET Core client must use https in the server address to make calls with a secured connection:

static async Task Main(string[] args)
{
    // The port number(5001) must match the port of the gRPC server.
    var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001");
    var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);
}

All gRPC client implementations support TLS. gRPC clients from other languages typically require the channel configured with SslCredentials. SslCredentials specifies the certificate that the client will use, and it must be used instead of insecure credentials. For examples of configuring the different gRPC client implementations to use TLS, see gRPC Authentication.

Call a gRPC service with an untrusted/invalid certificate

The .NET gRPC client requires the service to have a trusted certificate. The following error message is returned when calling a gRPC service without a trusted certificate:

Unhandled exception. System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: The SSL connection could not be established, see inner exception. ---> System.Security.Authentication.AuthenticationException: The remote certificate is invalid according to the validation procedure.

You may see this error if you are testing your app locally and the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate is not trusted. For instructions to fix this issue, see Trust the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate on Windows and macOS.

If you are calling a gRPC service on another machine and are unable to trust the certificate then the gRPC client can be configured to ignore the invalid certificate. The following code uses HttpClientHandler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback to allow calls without a trusted certificate:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

The gRPC client factory allows calls without a trusted certificate. Use the ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler extension method to configure the handler on the client:

services
    .AddGrpcClient<Greeter.GreeterClient>(o =>
    {
        o.Address = new Uri("https://localhost:5001");
    })
    .ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() =>
    {
        var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
        handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
            HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

        return handler;
    });

Warning

Untrusted certificates should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use valid certificates.

Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client

The .NET gRPC client can call insecure gRPC services by specifing http in the server address. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000").

There are some additional requirements to call insecure gRPC services depending on the .NET version an app is using:

  • .NET 5 or later requires Grpc.Net.Client version 2.32.0 or later.

  • .NET Core 3.x requires additional configuration. The app must set the System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport switch to true:

    // This switch must be set before creating the GrpcChannel/HttpClient.
AppContext.SetSwitch(
    "System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport", true);

// The port number(5000) must match the port of the gRPC server.
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000");
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

The System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport switch is only required for .NET Core 3.x. It does nothing in .NET 5 and isn't required.

Important

Insecure gRPC services must be hosted on a HTTP/2-only port. For more information, see ASP.NET Core protocol negotiation.

Unable to start ASP.NET Core gRPC app on macOS

Kestrel doesn't support HTTP/2 with TLS on macOS before .NET 8. The ASP.NET Core gRPC template and samples use TLS by default. You'll see the following error message when you attempt to start the gRPC server:

Unable to bind to https://localhost:5001 on the IPv4 loopback interface: 'HTTP/2 over TLS is not supported on macOS due to missing ALPN support.'.

To work around this issue in .NET 7 and earlier, configure Kestrel and the gRPC client to use HTTP/2 without TLS. You should only do this during development. Not using TLS will result in gRPC messages being sent without encryption.

Kestrel must configure an HTTP/2 endpoint without TLS in Program.cs:

public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
    Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
        .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
        {
            webBuilder.ConfigureKestrel(options =>
            {
                // Setup a HTTP/2 endpoint without TLS.
                options.ListenLocalhost(5000, o => o.Protocols = 
                    HttpProtocols.Http2);
            });
            webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
        });

When an HTTP/2 endpoint is configured without TLS, the endpoint's ListenOptions.Protocols must be set to HttpProtocols.Http2. HttpProtocols.Http1AndHttp2 can't be used because TLS is required to negotiate HTTP/2. Without TLS, all connections to the endpoint default to HTTP/1.1, and gRPC calls fail.

The gRPC client must also be configured to not use TLS. For more information, see Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client.

Warning

HTTP/2 without TLS should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use transport security. For more information, see Security considerations in gRPC for ASP.NET Core.

gRPC C# assets are not code generated from .proto files

gRPC code generation of concrete clients and service base classes requires protobuf files and tooling to be referenced from a project. You must include:

  • .proto files you want to use in the <Protobuf> item group. Imported .proto files must be referenced by the project.
  • Package reference to the gRPC tooling package Grpc.Tools.

For more information on generating gRPC C# assets, see gRPC services with C#.

An ASP.NET Core web app hosting gRPC services only needs the service base class generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Server" />
</ItemGroup>

A gRPC client app making gRPC calls only needs the concrete client generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Client" />
</ItemGroup>

WPF projects unable to generate gRPC C# assets from .proto files

WPF projects have a known issue that prevents gRPC code generation from working correctly. Any gRPC types generated in a WPF project by referencing Grpc.Tools and .proto files will create compilation errors when used:

error CS0246: The type or namespace name 'MyGrpcServices' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)

You can workaround this issue by:

  1. Create a new .NET Core class library project.
  2. In the new project, add references to enable C# code generation from .proto files:
  3. In the WPF application, add a reference to the new project.

The WPF application can use the gRPC generated types from the new class library project.

Calling gRPC services hosted in a sub-directory

Warning

Many third-party gRPC tools don't support services hosted in subdirectories. Consider finding a way to host gRPC as the root directory.

The path component of a gRPC channel's address is ignored when making gRPC calls. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001/ignored_path") won't use ignored_path when routing gRPC calls for the service.

The address path is ignored because gRPC has a standardized, prescriptive address structure. A gRPC address combines the package, service and method names: https://localhost:5001/PackageName.ServiceName/MethodName.

There are some scenarios when an app needs to include a path with gRPC calls. For example, when an ASP.NET Core gRPC app is hosted in an IIS directory and the directory needs to be included in the request. When a path is required, it can be added to the gRPC call using the custom SubdirectoryHandler specified below:

/// <summary>
/// A delegating handler that adds a subdirectory to the URI of gRPC requests.
/// </summary>
public class SubdirectoryHandler : DelegatingHandler
{
    private readonly string _subdirectory;

    public SubdirectoryHandler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler, string subdirectory)
        : base(innerHandler)
    {
        _subdirectory = subdirectory;
    }

    protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var old = request.RequestUri;

        var url = $"{old.Scheme}://{old.Host}:{old.Port}";
        url += $"{_subdirectory}{request.RequestUri.AbsolutePath}";
        request.RequestUri = new Uri(url, UriKind.Absolute);

        return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
}

SubdirectoryHandler is used when the gRPC channel is created.

var handler = new SubdirectoryHandler(new HttpClientHandler(), "/MyApp");

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001", new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(new HelloRequest { Name = ".NET" });

The preceding code:

  • Creates a SubdirectoryHandler with the path /MyApp.
  • Configures a channel to use SubdirectoryHandler.
  • Calls the gRPC service with SayHelloAsync. The gRPC call is sent to https://localhost:5001/MyApp/greet.Greeter/SayHello.

Alternatively, a client factory can be configured with SubdirectoryHandler by using AddHttpMessageHandler.

gRPC call timeout from HttpClient.Timeout

HttpClient is configured with a 100 second timeout by default. If a GrpcChannel is configured to use an HttpClient, long-running gRPC streaming calls are canceled if they don’t complete within the timeout limit.

System.OperationCanceledException: The request was canceled due to the configured HttpClient.Timeout of 100 seconds elapsing.

There are a couple of ways to fix this error. The first is to configure HttpClient.Timeout to a larger value. Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan disables the timeout:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler) { Timeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan };
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpClient = httpClient });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

Alternatively, avoid creating HttpClient and set GrpcChannel.HttpHandler instead:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

This document discusses commonly encountered problems when developing gRPC apps on .NET.

Mismatch between client and service SSL/TLS configuration

The gRPC template and samples use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure gRPC services by default. gRPC clients need to use a secure connection to call secured gRPC services successfully.

You can verify the ASP.NET Core gRPC service is using TLS in the logs written on app start. The service will be listening on an HTTPS endpoint:

info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Now listening on: https://localhost:5001
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.
info: Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime[0]
      Hosting environment: Development

The .NET Core client must use https in the server address to make calls with a secured connection:

static async Task Main(string[] args)
{
    // The port number(5001) must match the port of the gRPC server.
    var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001");
    var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);
}

All gRPC client implementations support TLS. gRPC clients from other languages typically require the channel configured with SslCredentials. SslCredentials specifies the certificate that the client will use, and it must be used instead of insecure credentials. For examples of configuring the different gRPC client implementations to use TLS, see gRPC Authentication.

Call a gRPC service with an untrusted/invalid certificate

The .NET gRPC client requires the service to have a trusted certificate. The following error message is returned when calling a gRPC service without a trusted certificate:

Unhandled exception. System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: The SSL connection could not be established, see inner exception. ---> System.Security.Authentication.AuthenticationException: The remote certificate is invalid according to the validation procedure.

You may see this error if you are testing your app locally and the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate is not trusted. For instructions to fix this issue, see Trust the ASP.NET Core HTTPS development certificate on Windows and macOS.

If you are calling a gRPC service on another machine and are unable to trust the certificate then the gRPC client can be configured to ignore the invalid certificate. The following code uses HttpClientHandler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback to allow calls without a trusted certificate:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

The gRPC client factory allows calls without a trusted certificate. Use the ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler extension method to configure the handler on the client:

services
    .AddGrpcClient<Greeter.GreeterClient>(o =>
    {
        o.Address = new Uri("https://localhost:5001");
    })
    .ConfigurePrimaryHttpMessageHandler(() =>
    {
        var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
        handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
            HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

        return handler;
    });

Warning

Untrusted certificates should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use valid certificates.

Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client

The .NET gRPC client can call insecure gRPC services by specifing http in the server address. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000").

There are some additional requirements to call insecure gRPC services depending on the .NET version an app is using:

  • .NET 5 or later requires Grpc.Net.Client version 2.32.0 or later.

  • .NET Core 3.x requires additional configuration. The app must set the System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport switch to true:

    // This switch must be set before creating the GrpcChannel/HttpClient.
AppContext.SetSwitch(
    "System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport", true);

// The port number(5000) must match the port of the gRPC server.
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("http://localhost:5000");
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

The System.Net.Http.SocketsHttpHandler.Http2UnencryptedSupport switch is only required for .NET Core 3.x. It does nothing in .NET 5 and isn't required.

Important

Insecure gRPC services must be hosted on a HTTP/2-only port. For more information, see ASP.NET Core protocol negotiation.

Unable to start ASP.NET Core gRPC app on macOS

Kestrel doesn't support HTTP/2 with TLS on macOS before .NET 8. The ASP.NET Core gRPC template and samples use TLS by default. You'll see the following error message when you attempt to start the gRPC server:

Unable to bind to https://localhost:5001 on the IPv4 loopback interface: 'HTTP/2 over TLS is not supported on macOS due to missing ALPN support.'.

To work around this issue in .NET 7 and earlier, configure Kestrel and the gRPC client to use HTTP/2 without TLS. You should only do this during development. Not using TLS will result in gRPC messages being sent without encryption.

Kestrel must configure an HTTP/2 endpoint without TLS in Program.cs:

public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
    Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
        .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
        {
            webBuilder.ConfigureKestrel(options =>
            {
                // Setup a HTTP/2 endpoint without TLS.
                options.ListenLocalhost(5000, o => o.Protocols = 
                    HttpProtocols.Http2);
            });
            webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
        });

When an HTTP/2 endpoint is configured without TLS, the endpoint's ListenOptions.Protocols must be set to HttpProtocols.Http2. HttpProtocols.Http1AndHttp2 can't be used because TLS is required to negotiate HTTP/2. Without TLS, all connections to the endpoint default to HTTP/1.1, and gRPC calls fail.

The gRPC client must also be configured to not use TLS. For more information, see Call insecure gRPC services with .NET Core client.

Warning

HTTP/2 without TLS should only be used during app development. Production apps should always use transport security. For more information, see Security considerations in gRPC for ASP.NET Core.

gRPC C# assets are not code generated from .proto files

gRPC code generation of concrete clients and service base classes requires protobuf files and tooling to be referenced from a project. You must include:

  • .proto files you want to use in the <Protobuf> item group. Imported .proto files must be referenced by the project.
  • Package reference to the gRPC tooling package Grpc.Tools.

For more information on generating gRPC C# assets, see gRPC services with C#.

An ASP.NET Core web app hosting gRPC services only needs the service base class generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Server" />
</ItemGroup>

A gRPC client app making gRPC calls only needs the concrete client generated:

<ItemGroup>
  <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Client" />
</ItemGroup>

WPF projects unable to generate gRPC C# assets from .proto files

WPF projects have a known issue that prevents gRPC code generation from working correctly. Any gRPC types generated in a WPF project by referencing Grpc.Tools and .proto files will create compilation errors when used:

error CS0246: The type or namespace name 'MyGrpcServices' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)

You can workaround this issue by:

  1. Create a new .NET Core class library project.
  2. In the new project, add references to enable C# code generation from .proto files:
  3. In the WPF application, add a reference to the new project.

The WPF application can use the gRPC generated types from the new class library project.

Calling gRPC services hosted in a sub-directory

Warning

Many third-party gRPC tools don't support services hosted in subdirectories. Consider finding a way to host gRPC as the root directory.

The path component of a gRPC channel's address is ignored when making gRPC calls. For example, GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001/ignored_path") won't use ignored_path when routing gRPC calls for the service.

The address path is ignored because gRPC has a standardized, prescriptive address structure. A gRPC address combines the package, service and method names: https://localhost:5001/PackageName.ServiceName/MethodName.

There are some scenarios when an app needs to include a path with gRPC calls. For example, when an ASP.NET Core gRPC app is hosted in an IIS directory and the directory needs to be included in the request. When a path is required, it can be added to the gRPC call using the custom SubdirectoryHandler specified below:

/// <summary>
/// A delegating handler that adds a subdirectory to the URI of gRPC requests.
/// </summary>
public class SubdirectoryHandler : DelegatingHandler
{
    private readonly string _subdirectory;

    public SubdirectoryHandler(HttpMessageHandler innerHandler, string subdirectory)
        : base(innerHandler)
    {
        _subdirectory = subdirectory;
    }

    protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
        HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var old = request.RequestUri;

        var url = $"{old.Scheme}://{old.Host}:{old.Port}";
        url += $"{_subdirectory}{request.RequestUri.AbsolutePath}";
        request.RequestUri = new Uri(url, UriKind.Absolute);

        return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
    }
}

SubdirectoryHandler is used when the gRPC channel is created.

var handler = new SubdirectoryHandler(new HttpClientHandler(), "/MyApp");

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001", new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);

var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(new HelloRequest { Name = ".NET" });

The preceding code:

  • Creates a SubdirectoryHandler with the path /MyApp.
  • Configures a channel to use SubdirectoryHandler.
  • Calls the gRPC service with SayHelloAsync. The gRPC call is sent to https://localhost:5001/MyApp/greet.Greeter/SayHello.

Alternatively, a client factory can be configured with SubdirectoryHandler by using AddHttpMessageHandler.

gRPC call timeout from HttpClient.Timeout

HttpClient is configured with a 100 second timeout by default. If a GrpcChannel is configured to use an HttpClient, long-running gRPC streaming calls are canceled if they don’t complete within the timeout limit.

System.OperationCanceledException: The request was canceled due to the configured HttpClient.Timeout of 100 seconds elapsing.

There are a couple of ways to fix this error. The first is to configure HttpClient.Timeout to a larger value. Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan disables the timeout:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler) { Timeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan };
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpClient = httpClient });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);

Alternatively, avoid creating HttpClient and set GrpcChannel.HttpHandler instead:

var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = 
    HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;

var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
    new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = handler });
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);