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Android code signing setup in App Center

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Important

Visual Studio App Center is scheduled for retirement on March 31, 2025. While you can continue to use Visual Studio App Center until it is fully retired, there are several recommended alternatives that you may consider migrating to.

Learn more about support timelines and alternatives.

Tip

For Xamarin.Android users, the process is slightly different. See our Xamarin.Android Code Signing guide for details.

Signing an app is a requirement to run an app on real devices during the development process or to distribute it via a beta program or in the Play Store. Without code signing, the app can only run on an emulator.

When App Center builds an Android application with a debug build type, a keystore for a developer isn't required but can be uploaded. These builds will be automatically code signed with a debug key. For a release build that will be deployed, upload a keystore to App Center.

Generating a keystore

If you don't currently have a keystore, you can generate one in Android Studio. You can find instructions on generating a keystore to sign APKs in Android Studio's official User Guide.

Setting up Code Signing

App Center supports three different ways of setting up code signing for Android apps. For all three methods, you first need to go to the build configuration and enable code signing:

  1. Go to your app in App Center.
  2. Go to Build.
  3. Go to the branch you want to configure by choosing it from the list.
  4. Either use the 'Settings' menu in the upper-right corner, or choose Configure if your branch isn't configured for build yet.
  5. Enable Sign builds.
  6. Choose Save.

Then, depending on your scenario, use the most suitable of the three options in the sections below. The first option involves checking in credentials to your repository, while the other two use App Center to handle your credentials instead.

As of Android 11, it's mandatory to use the APK signer (if you use API level 30) as it will set some extra schemes "APK Signature Scheme v2 now required". App Center now (since Dec 17, 2020) signs Android applications using APK signer internally, instead of JAR signer which was used previously. As part of the feature to enable APK signer in App Center, Android signing task V3 was implemented, and requirements for new Signing task were to change how keystore file is saved - to store the keystore file in an AzDO secure file (Android signing build and release task - Azure Pipelines | Microsoft Docs).

Warning

Any build configurations that had their keystore files uploaded prior to Dec 17, 2020 still use the APK Signature Scheme v2 signing method (jarsigner). To use the APK Signature Scheme v3 signing flow, users just have to re-upload their keystore files and save their branch configuration.

Note

Usage of Android Gradle Plugin version 4.1.x is not fully supported. In order to use this version, you must add the next option setting in the gradle.properties file:

 android.useNewApkCreator = false

A. Storing everything in the Gradle configuration

You can specify the signing details in the build.gradle (app level) file. The signing details, along with all credentials and the keystore information, will be visible in the repository. First, add all the items you need to your code and check them in to your repository. Then in the build configuration in App Center, enable My Gradle settings are entirely set to handle signing automatically.

B. Uploading everything to App Center

You can upload the keystore and configure the signing credentials through App Center. In this case, App Center will first build your Android app and then run a signing step after the successful build.

Note

A build can only be signed once. Make sure you have no conflicts with signing configurations in your Gradle configuration for the chosen build variant. If there are signing settings both in App Center and in the Gradle file, the build may end up signed twice and this leads to conflicts.

Set up your build configuration in App Center as follows:

  1. Disable My Gradle settings are entirely set to handle signing automatically.
  2. Upload your keystore file to the Keystore file upload file drop. You can drag the file onto the box or click it and browse for the file. Keystore files have the extension .keystore or .jks.
  3. Enter the keystore password, key alias, and key password in the corresponding fields. These values are the same ones you'd otherwise enter in Android Studio when you sign a build.

C. Storing Signing Details in the Repository with Environment Variables

Use this method if your repository already contains the keystore, but you don't want to store the credentials there. At build time, the credentials will be provided as System properties to the Gradle build. See the following code sample on how to make use of them:

android {
    signingConfigs {
        releaseSigningConfig {
            storeFile rootProject.file("app/testapp.jks")
            storePassword System.getProperty("APPCENTER_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD")
            keyAlias System.getProperty("APPCENTER_KEY_ALIAS")
            keyPassword System.getProperty("APPCENTER_KEY_PASSWORD")
        }
    }

    buildTypes {
        release {
            signingConfig signingConfigs.releaseSigningConfig
        }
    }
}

In the code above, securing values behind system properties injected into your build keeps your signing credentials safe – the values are encrypted and only available to the build agents at build time. You can provide the values through App Center. You can also hard code any of the values, and check them in to your repository. To use App Center to safeguard the values:

  1. Go to your build configuration.
  2. Make sure the checkbox called My Gradle settings are entirely set to handle signing automatically it not checked.
  3. Enter the keystore password, key alias, and key password in the corresponding fields. These values are the same ones you'd otherwise enter in Android Studio when you sign a build.

If you use product flavors, you may need to adjust the code above so all your release configurations use the correct signing configuration.

Note

If you use the signingConfig option inside the buildTypes section in your build.gradle (app level) file, you may face code-signing errors during App Center build. This is especially relevant for apps that use React Native for Android version 0.60.x and higher:

 Execution failed for task ':app:validateSigningRelease'.
 Keystore file '.../android/app/debug.keystore' not found for signing config 'debug'

To fix this issue you must push a proper keystore used for signing to your repository and enable My Gradle settings are entirely set to handle signing automatically in your build configuration in the App Center portal.

In case you uploaded a keystore to the build configuration in the App Center portal, take into account that this approach will require to delete the signingConfig option from the buildTypes section of your build.gradle (app level) file if you didn't update it from the default state of the React Native project template.