Walkthrough: Missing Objects Due to Vertex Shading

This walkthrough demonstrates how to use the Visual Studio Graphics Diagnostics tools to investigate an object that is missing due to an error that occurs during the vertex shader stage.

This walkthrough illustrates these tasks:

• Using the Graphics Event List to locate potential sources of the problem.

• Using the Graphics Pipeline Stages window to check the effect of the DrawIndexed Direct3D API calls.

• Using the HLSL Debugger to examine the vertex shader.

• Using the Graphics Event Call Stack to help find the source of an incorrect HLSL constant.

Scenario

One of the common causes of a missing object in a 3-D app occurs when the vertex shader transforms the object's vertices in an incorrect or unexpected way—for example, the object might be scaled to a very small size, or transformed such that it appears behind the camera, rather than in front of it.

In this scenario, when the app is run to test it, the background is rendered as expected, but one of the objects does not appear. By using Graphics Diagnostics, you capture the problem to a graphics log so that you can debug the app. The problem looks like this in the app:

Investigation

By using the Graphics Diagnostics tools, you can load the graphics log file to inspect the frames that were captured during the test.

To examine a frame in a graphics log

1. In Visual Studio, load a graphics log that contains a frame that exhibits the missing object. A new graphics log tab appears in Visual Studio. In the top part of this tab is the render target output of the selected frame. In the bottom part is the Frame List, which displays each captured frame as a thumbnail image.

2. In the Frame List, select a frame that demonstrates that the object is not displayed. The render target is updated to reflect the selected frame. In this scenario, the graphics log tab looks like this:

   

After you've selected a frame that demonstrates the problem, you can begin to diagnose it by using the Graphics Event List. The Graphics Event List contains every Direct3D API call that was made to render the active frame, for example, API calls to set up device state, to create and update buffers, and to draw objects that appear in the frame. Many kinds of calls are interesting because there is often (but not always) a corresponding change in the render target when the app is working as expected, for example Draw, Dispatch, Copy or Clear calls. Draw calls are particularly interesting because each one represents geometry that the app rendered (Dispatch calls can also render geometry).

Because you know that the missing object is not being drawn to the render target (in this case)—but that the rest of the scene is drawn as expected—you can use the Graphics Event List together with the Graphics Pipeline Stages tool to determine which draw call corresponds to the missing object's geometry. The Graphics Pipeline Stages window shows the geometry that was sent to each draw call, regardless of its effect on the render target. As you move through the draw calls, the pipeline stages are updated to show the geometry that is associated with that call, and the render target output is updated to show the state of the render target after the call was completed.

To find the draw call for the missing geometry

1. Open the Graphics Event List window. On the Graphics Diagnostics toolbar, choose Event List.

2. Open the Graphics Pipeline Stages window. On the Graphics Diagnostics toolbar, choose Pipeline Stages.

3. As you move through each draw call in the Graphics Event List window, watch the Graphics Pipeline Stages window for the missing object. To make this easier, enter "Draw" in the Search box in the upper-right corner of the Graphics Event List window. This filters the list so that it only contains events that have "Draw" in their titles.

   In the Graphics Pipeline Stages window, the Input Assembler stage shows the object's geometry before its transformed, and the Vertex Shader stage shows the same object after it's transformed. In this scenario, you know that you've found the missing object when it is displayed in the Input Assembler stage and nothing is displayed in the Vertex Shader stage.

   Note

   If other geometry stages—for example, the Hull Shader, Domain Shader, or Geometry Shader stages—process the object, they might be the cause of the problem. Typically, the problem is related to the earliest stage in which the result is not displayed or is displayed in an unexpected way.

4. Stop when you reach the draw call that corresponds to the missing object. In this scenario, the Graphics Pipeline Stages window indicates that the geometry was issued to the GPU (indicated by the Input Assembler thumbnail), but doesn't appear in the render target because something went wrong during the vertex shader stage (indicated by the Vertex Shader thumbnail):

   

After you confirm that the app issued a draw call for the missing object's geometry and discover that the problem happens during the vertex shader stage, you can use the HLSL Debugger to examine the vertex shader and find out what happened to the object's geometry. You can use the HLSL Debugger to examine the state of HLSL variables during execution, step through the HLSL code, and set breakpoints to help you diagnose the problem.

To examine the vertex shader

1. Start debugging the vertex shader stage. In the Graphics Pipeline Stages window, under the Vertex Shader stage, choose the Start Debugging button.

2. Because the Input Assembler stage appears to provide good data to the vertex shader and the Vertex Shader stage appears to produce no output, you want to examine the vertex shader output structure, output. As you step through the HLSL code, you take a closer look when output is modified.

3. The first time that output is modified, the member worldPos is written to.

   

   Because its value appears to be reasonable, you continue stepping through code until the next line that modifies output.

4. The next time that output is modified, the member pos is written to.

   

   This time, the value of the pos member—all zeros—seems suspicious. Next, you want to determine how output.pos came to have a value of all zeros.

5. You notice that output.pos takes its value from a variable that's named temp. On the previous line, you see that the value of temp is the result of multiplying its previous value by a constant that's named projection. You suspect that temp's suspicious value is the result of this multiplication. When you rest the pointer on projection, you notice that its value is also all zeros.

   

   In this scenario, the examination reveals that temp's suspicious value is most likely caused by its multiplication by projection, and because projection is a constant that's meant to contain a projection matrix, you know that it should not contain all zeros.

After you determine that the HLSL constant projection—passed into the shader by your app—is the likely source of the problem, the next step is to find the location in your app's source code where the constant buffer is filled. You can use the Graphics Event Call Stack to find this location.

To find where the constant is set in your app's source code

1. Open the Graphics Event Call Stack window. On the Graphics Diagnostics toolbar, choose Graphics Event Call Stack.

2. Navigate up the call stack into your app's source code. In the Graphics Event Call Stack window, choose the top-most call to see if the constant buffer is being filled there. If it is not, continue up the call stack until you find where it is being filled. In this scenario, you discover that the constant buffer is being filled—by using the UpdateSubresource Direct3D API—further up the call stack in a function that's named MarbleMaze::Render, and that its value comes from a constant buffer object that's named m_marbleConstantBufferData:

   

   Tip

   If you are simultaneously debugging your app, you can set a breakpoint at this location and it will be hit when the next frame is rendered. You can then inspect the members of m_marbleConstantBufferData to confirm that the value of the projection member is set to all zeros when the constant buffer is filled.

After you find the location where the constant buffer is being filled and discover that that its values come from the variable m_marbleConstantBufferData, the next step is to find out where the m_marbleConstantBufferData.projection member is set to all zeros. You can use Find All References to quickly scan for code that changes the value of m_marbleConstantBufferData.projection.

To find where the projection member is set in your app's source code

1. Find references to m_marbleConstantBufferData.projection. Open the shortcut menu for the variable m_marbleConstantBufferData, and then choose Find All References.

2. To navigate to the location of the line in your app's source code where the projection member is modified, choose that line in the Find Symbol Results window. Because the first result that modifies the projection member might not be the cause of the problem, you might have to examine several areas of your app's source code.

After you find the location where m_marbleConstantBufferData.projection is set, you can examine the surrounding source code to determine the origin of the incorrect value. In this scenario, you discover that the value of m_marbleConstantBufferData.projection is set to a local variable that's named projection before it has been initialized to a value that's given by the code m_camera->GetProjection(&projection); on the next line.

To fix the problem, you move the line of code that sets the value of m_marbleConstantBufferData.projection after the line that initializes the value of the local variable projection.

After you fix the code, you can rebuild it and run the app again to discover that the rendering issue is solved: