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Common Compiler Errors

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This section illustrates the typical compiler errors that occur when migrating an existing code base. These examples happen to be from system-level HAL code, although the concepts are directly applicable to user-level code.

Warning C4311 Example 1

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'void *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long

Code

pPciAddr->u.AsULONG = (ULONG) CIA_PCI_CONFIG_BASE_QVA;

Description

PtrToUlong is an inline function or macro, depending on your usage. It truncates a pointer to a ULONG. Although 32-bit pointers are not affected, the upper half of a 64-bit pointer is truncated.

CIA_PCI_CONFIG_BASE_QVA is declared as a PVOID. The ULONG cast works in the 32-bit world, but results in an error in the 64-bit world. The solution is to get a 64-bit pointer to a ULONG, because changing the definition of the union that pPciAddr->u.AsULONG is defined in changes too much code.

Using the macro PtrToUlong to convert the 64-bit PVOID to the needed ULONG is allowed because we have knowledge about the specific value of CIA_PCI_CONFIG_BASE_QVA. In this case, this pointer will never have data in the upper 32 bits.

Solution

pPciAddr->u.AsULONG = PtrToUlong(CIA_PCI_CONFIG_BASE_QVA);

Warning C4311 Example 2

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'struct _ERROR_FRAME *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long

Code

KeBugCheckEx( DATA_BUS_ERROR,0,0,0,(ULONG)PUncorrectableError );

Description

The problem is that the last parameter to this function is a pointer to a data structure. Because PUncorrectableError is a pointer, it changes size with the programming model. The prototype for KeBugCheckEx was changed so that the last parameter is a ULONG_PTR. As a result, it's necessary to cast the function pointer to a ULONG_PTR.

You might ask why PVOID was not used as the last parameter. Depending on the context of the call, the last parameter may be something other than a pointer or perhaps an error code.

Solution

KeBugCheckEx( DATA_BUS_ERROR,0,0,0,(ULONG_PTR)PUncorrectableError );

Warning C4244 Example 1

'=' : conversion from 'struct _CONFIGURATION_COMPONENT *__ptr64 ' to 'struct _CONFIGURATION_COMPONENT *', possible loss of data

Code

Component = &CurrentEntry->ComponentEntry;

Description

The function declares the variable Component as a PCONFIGURATION_COMPONENT. Later, the variable is used in the following assignment that appears correct:

Component = &CurrentEntry->ComponentEntry;

However, the type PCONFIGURATION_COMPONENT is defined as:

typedef struct __CONFIGURATION_COMPONENT {
...
...
} CONFIGURATION_COMPONENT, * POINTER_32 PCONFIGURATION_COMPONENT;

The type definition for PCONFIGURATION_COMPONENT provides a 32-bit pointer in both 32-bit and 64-bit models because it is declared POINTER_32. The original designer of this structure knew it was going to be used in a 32-bit context in the BIOS and expressly defined it for that use. This code works fine in 32-bit Windows because the pointers happen to be 32-bit. In 64-bit Windows, it does not work because the code is in 64-bit context.

Solution

To work around this problem, use CONFIGURATION_COMPONENT * rather than the 32-bit PCONFIGURATION_COMPONENT . It is important to clearly understand the purpose of the code. If this code is intended to touch 32-bit BIOS or System space, this fix will not work.

POINTER_32 is defined in Ntdef.h and Winnt.h.

#ifdef (__AXP64__)
#define POINTER_32 _ptr32
#else
#define POINTER_32
#endif

Warning C4242 Example 2

'=' : conversion from '__int64 ' to 'unsigned long ', possible loss of data

Code

ARC_STATUS HalpCopyNVRamBuffer (
IN PCHAR NvDestPtr,
IN PCHAR NvSrcPtr,
IN ULONG Length )
{

ULONG PageSelect1, ByteSelect1;

ByteSelect1 = (NvDestPtr - (PUCHAR)HalpCMOSRamBase) & CONFIG_RAM_BYTE_MASK;

ByteSelect1 = (NvDestPtr - (PUCHAR)HalpCMOSRamBase) & CONFIG_RAM_BYTE_MASK;

Description

This warning is generated because the calculation is using 64-bit values, in this case pointers, and placing the result in a 32-bit ULONG.

Solution

Type cast the result of the calculation to a ULONG as shown here:

ByteSelect1 = (ULONG)(NvDestPtr - (PUCHAR)HalpCMOSRamBase) & CONFIG_RAM_BYTE_MASK;

Typecasting the result lets the compiler know you are sure about the result. That being said, make certain you understand the calculation and really are sure it will fit in a 32-bit ULONG.

If the result may not fit in a 32-bit ULONG, change the base type of the variable that will hold the result.

Warning C4311 - Example 1

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'void *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long '

Code

ULONG HalpMapDebugPort(
IN ULONG ComPort,
OUT PULONG ReadQva,
OUT PULONG WriteQva)
{
ULONG ComPortAddress;

ULONG PortQva;

// Compute the port address, based on the desired com port.

switch( ComPort ){
case 1:
   ComPortAddress = COM1_ISA_PORT_ADDRESS;
   break;

case 2:
default:
   ComPortAddress = COM2_ISA_PORT_ADDRESS;
}
PortQva = (ULONG)HAL_MAKE_QVA(CIA_PCI_SPARSE_IO_PHYSICAL) + ComPortAddress;

// Return the QVAs for read and write access.

*ReadQva = PortQva;
*WriteQva = PortQva;

return ComPortAddress;
}

Description

This entire function deals with addresses as integers, necessitating the need to type those integers in a portable way. All the local variables, intermediate values in calculations, and return values should be portable types.

Solution

ULONG_PTR HalpMapDebugPort(
IN ULONG ComPort,
OUT PULONG_PTR ReadQva,
OUT PULONG_PTR WriteQva)
{
ULONG_PTR ComPortAddress;

ULONG_PTR PortQva;

// Compute the port address, based on the desired com port.

switch( ComPort ){
case 1:
   ComPortAddress = COM1_ISA_PORT_ADDRESS;
   break;

case 2:
default:
   ComPortAddress = COM2_ISA_PORT_ADDRESS;
}

PortQva = (ULONG_PTR)HAL_MAKE_QVA(CIA_PCI_SPARSE_IO_PHYSICAL) + ComPortAddress;

// Return the QVAs for read and write access.

*ReadQva = PortQva;
*WriteQva = PortQva;

return ComPortAddress;
}

PULONG_PTR is a pointer that is itself 32 bits for 32-bit Windows and 64 bits for 64-bit Windows. It points to an unsigned integer, ULONG_PTR, that is 32 bits for 32-bit Windows and 64 bits for 64-bit Windows.

Warning C4311 - Example 2

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'void *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long '

Code

BOOLEAN
HalpMapIoSpace (
VOID
)
{
PVOID PciIoSpaceBase;
PciIoSpaceBase = HAL_MAKE_QVA( CIA_PCI_SPARSE_IO_PHYSICAL );

//Map base addresses in QVA space.

HalpCMOSRamBase = (PVOID)((ULONG)PciIoSpaceBase + CMOS_ISA_PORT_ADDRESS);

Description

Even though all QVA (Quasi Virtual Address) values are really 32-bit values at this stage and will fit in a ULONG, it is more consistent to treat all addresses as ULONG_PTR values when possible.

The pointer PciIoSpaceBase holds the QVA that is created in the macro HAL_MAKE_QVA. This macro returns a 64-bit value with the top 32 bits set to zero so the math will work. We could simply leave the code to truncate the pointer into a ULONG, but this practice is discouraged to enhance code maintainability and portability. For example, the contents of a QVA might change in the future to use some of the upper bits at this level, breaking the code.

Solution

Be safe and use ULONG_PTR for all address and pointer math.

HalpCMOSRamBase = (PVOID)((ULONG_PTR)PciIoSpaceBase + CMOS_ISA_PORT_ADDRESS);

Warning C4311 Example 3

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'void *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long '

Code

PVOID
HalDereferenceQva(
PVOID Qva,
INTERFACE_TYPE InterfaceType,
ULONG BusNumber)

if ( ((ULONG) Qva & QVA_SELECTORS) == QVA_ENABLE ) {

return( (PVOID)( (ULONG)Qva << IO_BIT_SHIFT ) );
} 
else {
return (Qva);
}

Description

The compiler warns about the address of (&) and left shift (<<) operators if they are applied to pointer types. In the above code, Qva is a PVOID value. We need to cast that to an integer type to perform the math. Because the code must be portable, use ULONG_PTR instead of ULONG.

Solution

if ( ((ULONG_PTR) Qva & QVA_SELECTORS) == QVA_ENABLE ) {
  return( (PVOID)( (ULONG_PTR)Qva << IO_BIT_SHIFT ) );

Warning C4311 Example 4

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'void *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long '

Code

TranslatedAddress->LowPart = (ULONG)HalCreateQva(
*TranslatedAddress, va);

Description

TranslatedAddress is a union that looks something like the following:

typedef union
   Struct {
      ULONG LowPart;
      LONG Highpart;
   }
   LONGLONG QuadPart;
}

Solution

Knowing what the rest of the code might place in Highpart, we can select either of the solutions shown here.

TranslatedAddress->LowPart = PtrToUlong(HalCreateQva(*TranslatedAddress,va) );

The PtrToUlong macro truncates the pointer returned by HalCreateQva to 32 bits. We know that the QVA returned by HalCreateQva has the upper 32 bits set to zero and the very next line of code sets TranslatedAddress->Highpart to zero.

With caution, we could use the following:

TranslatedAddress->QuadPart = (LONGLONG)HalCreateQva(*TranslatedAddress,va);

This works in this example: the HalCreateQva macro is returning 64 bits, with the upper 32 bits set to zero. Just be careful not to leave the upper 32 bits undefined in a 32-bit environment, which this second solution may actually do.

Warning C4311 Example 5

'type cast' : pointer truncation from 'void *__ptr64 ' to 'unsigned long '

Code

VOID
HalpCiaProgramDmaWindow(
PWINDOW_CONTROL_REGISTERS WindowRegisters,
PVOID MapRegisterBase
)
{
CIA_WBASE Wbase;

Wbase.all = 0;
Wbase.Wen = 1;
Wbase.SgEn = 1;
Wbase.Wbase = (ULONG)(WindowRegisters->WindowBase) >> 20;

Description

WindowRegisters->WindowBase is a pointer and is now 64 bits. The code says to right-shift this value 20 bits. The compiler will not let us use the right-shift (>>) operator on a pointer; therefore, we need to cast it to some sort of integer.

Solution

Wbase.Wbase= PtrToUlong ( (PVOID) ((ULONG_PTR) (WindowRegisters->WindowBase) >> 20));

Casting to a ULONG_PTR is just what we need. The next problem is Wbase. Wbase is a ULONG and is 32 bits. In this case, we know that the 64-bit pointer WindowRegisters->WindowBase is valid in the lower 32 bits even after being shifted. This makes use of the PtrToUlong macro acceptable, because it will truncate the 64-bit pointer into a 32-bit ULONG. The PVOID cast is necessary because PtrToUlong expects a pointer argument. When you look at the resulting assembler code, all this C code casting becomes just a load quad, shift right, and store long.