針對泛型集合使用介面中的變異數 (C#)

Covariant 介面允許其方法傳回與介面中指定的類型相比,其衍生程度較大的類型。 Contravariant 介面允許其方法接受與介面中指定的參數相比,其類型衍生程度較小的參數。

在 .NET Framework 4 中,有數個現有介面已變成 Covariant 和 Contravariant。 這些結構包括 IEnumerable<T>IComparable<T>。 因此,您可以針對衍生類型的集合,重複使用搭配基底類型之泛型集合運作的方法。

如需 .NET 的 Variant 介面清單,請參閱泛型介面中的變異數 (C#)

轉換泛型集合

下列範例說明在 IEnumerable<T> 介面中支援共變數的好處。 PrintFullName 方法接受 IEnumerable<Person> 類型的集合作為參數。 不過,您可以重複用於 IEnumerable<Employee> 類型的集合,因為 Employee 會繼承 Person

// Simple hierarchy of classes.  
public class Person  
{  
    public string FirstName { get; set; }  
    public string LastName { get; set; }  
}  
  
public class Employee : Person { }  
  
class Program  
{  
    // The method has a parameter of the IEnumerable<Person> type.  
    public static void PrintFullName(IEnumerable<Person> persons)  
    {  
        foreach (Person person in persons)  
        {  
            Console.WriteLine("Name: {0} {1}",  
            person.FirstName, person.LastName);  
        }  
    }  
  
    public static void Test()  
    {  
        IEnumerable<Employee> employees = new List<Employee>();  
  
        // You can pass IEnumerable<Employee>,
        // although the method expects IEnumerable<Person>.  
  
        PrintFullName(employees);  
  
    }  
}  

比較泛型集合

下列範例說明在 IEqualityComparer<T> 介面中支援反變數的好處。 PersonComparer 類別會實作 IEqualityComparer<Person> 介面。 不過,您可以重複使用此類別來比較一連串類型為 Employee 的物件,因為 Employee 會繼承 Person

// Simple hierarchy of classes.  
public class Person  
{  
    public string FirstName { get; set; }  
    public string LastName { get; set; }  
}  
  
public class Employee : Person { }  
  
// The custom comparer for the Person type  
// with standard implementations of Equals()  
// and GetHashCode() methods.  
class PersonComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person>  
{  
    public bool Equals(Person x, Person y)  
    {
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, y)) return true;  
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(x, null) ||  
            Object.ReferenceEquals(y, null))  
            return false;
        return x.FirstName == y.FirstName && x.LastName == y.LastName;  
    }  
    public int GetHashCode(Person person)  
    {  
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(person, null)) return 0;  
        int hashFirstName = person.FirstName == null  
            ? 0 : person.FirstName.GetHashCode();  
        int hashLastName = person.LastName.GetHashCode();  
        return hashFirstName ^ hashLastName;  
    }  
}  
  
class Program  
{  
  
    public static void Test()  
    {  
        List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee> {  
               new Employee() {FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Alexander"},  
               new Employee() {FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Price"}  
            };  
  
        // You can pass PersonComparer,
        // which implements IEqualityComparer<Person>,  
        // although the method expects IEqualityComparer<Employee>.  
  
        IEnumerable<Employee> noduplicates =  
            employees.Distinct<Employee>(new PersonComparer());  
  
        foreach (var employee in noduplicates)  
            Console.WriteLine(employee.FirstName + " " + employee.LastName);  
    }  
}  

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