矢量化程序和并行化程序消息
可以使用 Microsoft C++ 编译器选项 /Qpar-report
和 /Qvec-report
设置自动并行化和自动向量化,以输出原因代码和有关其活动的参考性消息。 本文说明原因代码和消息。
信息性消息
根据你指定的报告级别,将为每个循环显示下列信息性消息之一。
有关原因代码的信息,请参见本文的下一部分。
信息性消息 | 说明 |
---|---|
5001 | 循环已向量化。 |
5002 | 由于原因“说明”,循环未向量化。 |
5011 | 循环已并行化。 |
5012 | 由于原因“说明”,循环未并行化。 |
5021 | 无法将循环与杂注关联。 |
以下各部分列出了并行化程序和向量化程序的可能原因代码。
5xx 原因代码
5xx 原因代码应用于并行化程序和向量化程序。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
500 | 包含多个用例的泛型消息:例如,该循环包含多个退出,或循环标头不会因增加归纳变量而结束。 |
501 | 归纳变量不是本地的;或上限绑定不是循环固定的。 |
502 | 除了简单 +1 外,归纳变量以某种方式单步执行。 |
503 | 循环包含异常处理或 switch 语句。 |
504 | 循环体可能会引发需要析构 C++ 对象的异常。 |
505 | 外部循环具有预先递增的归纳变量。 退出分析。 |
void code_500(int *A)
{
// Code 500 is emitted if the loop has non-vectorizable flow.
// This can include "if", "break", "continue", the conditional
// operator "?", or function calls.
// It also encompasses correct definition and use of the induction
// variable "i", in that the increment "++i" or "i++" must be the last
// statement in the loop.
int i = 0;
while (i<1000)
{
if (i == 4)
{
break;
}
++i;
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
// To resolve code 500, use a 'for' loop with single increment of
// induction variable.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
int bound();
void code_501_example1(int *A)
{
// Code 501 is emitted if the compiler cannot discern the
// induction variable of this loop. In this case, when it checks
// the upper bound of 'i', the compiler cannot prove that the
// function call "bound()" returns the same value each time.
// Also, the compiler cannot prove that the call to "bound()"
// does not modify the values of array A.
for (int i=0; i<bound(); ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
// To resolve code 501, ensure that the induction variable is
// a local variable, and ensure that the upper bound is a
// provably loop invariant value.
for (int i=0, imax = bound(); i<imax; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
int i;
void code_501_example2(int *A)
{
// Code 501 is emitted if the compiler cannot discern the
// induction variable of this loop. In this case, 'i' is
// a global.
for (i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
// To resolve code 501, ensure that the induction variable is
// a local variable, and ensure that the upper bound is a
// provably loop invariant value.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
void code_502(int *A)
{
// Code 502 is emitted if the compiler cannot discern
// the induction variable of the loop. In this case,
// there are three increments to "i", one of which
// is conditional.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
++i;
if (i < 100)
{
++i;
}
}
// To resolve code 502, ensure that there is just one
// increment of the induction variable, placed in the usual
// spot in the "for" loop.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
void code_503(int *A, int x)
{
// Code 503 is emitted if there are inadmissible
// operations in the loop - for example, exception handling and
// switch statements.
for (int i = 0; i<1000; ++i)
{
switch (x)
{
case 1: A[i] = A[i] + 1;
case 2: A[i] = A[i] + 2;
case 3: A[i] = A[i] + 3;
break;
}
}
// To resolve code 503, try to remove as many switch statements
// and exception handling constructs as possible.
}
// compile with /EHsc
int code_504_helper();
class C504
{
public:
C504();
~C504();
};
void code_504(int *A)
{
// Code 504 is emitted if a C++ object was created and
// that object requires EH unwind tracking information under
// /EHs or /EHsc.
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i)
{
C504 c;
A[i] = code_504_helper();
}
}
void code_505(int *A)
{
// Code 505 is emitted on outer loops with pre-incremented
// induction variables. The vectorizer/parallelizer analysis
// package doesn't support these loops, and they are
// intentionally not converted to post-increment loops to
// prevent a performance degradation.
// To parallelize an outer loop that causes code 505, change
// it to a post-incremented loop.
for (int i=100; i--; )
for (int j=0; j<100; j++) { // this loop is still vectorized
A[j] = A[j] + 1;
}
}
10xx 原因代码
10xx 原因代码应用于并行化程序。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
1000 | 编译器在循环体中检测到数据依赖项。 |
1001 | 编译器在循环体中检测到标量变量的存储,该标量在循环外使用。 |
1002 | 编译器尝试实现具有已并行化的内部循环的循环的并行化。 |
1003 | 循环体包含可读取或写入内存的内部调用。 |
1004 | 循环正文中的标量降低。 如果循环已向量化,标量会减少。 |
1005 | 指定了 no_parallel pragma。 |
1006 | 该函数包含 OpenMP。 通过删除此函数中的所有 OpenMP 来解决此问题。 |
1007 | 循环归纳变量或循环绑定不是有符号的 32 位数字(int 或 long )。 通过更改归纳变量的类型解决此问题。 |
1008 | 编译器检测到此循环未执行足够的工作来证明自动并行化的合理性。 |
1009 | 编译器检测到并行化“-”循环的尝试do while 。 自动并行化只针对“for ”循环。 |
1010 | 编译器检测到循环正在使用“不等于”(!= ) 作为其条件。 |
int A[1000];
void func();
void code_1000()
{
// Code 1000 is emitted if the compiler detects a
// data dependence in the loop body.
// You can resolve this by using the ivdep pragma.
// CAUTION -- the compiler will trust your
// assertion that there are no data dependencies
// in the loop body. If there are, you are generating
// code that may have race conditions.
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
//#pragma loop(ivdep) // ivdep will force this through.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i-1] + 1; // data dependence here
func(); // data dependence here
}
}
int code_1001()
{
// Code 1001 is emitted if the compiler detects
// a store to a scalar variable in the loop
// body, and that scalar has a use beyond the loop.
// Resolve this by rewriting your code so
// that the scalar is not needed.
int s = 0;
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
s = A[i];
}
return s;
}
void code_1002()
{
// Code 1002 is emitted when the compiler tries to
// parallelize a loop that has an inner loop that
// has already been parallelized.
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i) // emit code 1002 for this loop
{
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
for (int j=0; j<1000; ++j) // this loop gets parallelized
{
A[j] = A[j] + 1;
}
}
}
extern "C" void __stosb(unsigned char*, unsigned char, size_t);
void code_1003(unsigned char *dst)
{
// Code 1003 is emitted when the loop body contains an intrinsic
// call that may read or write to memory.
// This can be resolved by using the ivdep pragma.
// CAUTION -- the compiler will trust your
// assertion that there are no data dependencies
// in the loop body. If there are, you are generating
// code that may have race conditions.
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
//#pragma loop(ivdep) // ivdep will force this through.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
__stosb(dst, 'c', 10);
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
int code_1004()
{
// Code 1004 is emitted when there is a scalar reduction
// in the loop body, which can occur if the loop has been
// vectorized.
// You can resolve this by rewriting your code so that it
// does not have a scalar reduction.
int s = 0;
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
s += A[i];
}
return s;
}
void code_1005()
{
// Code 1005 is emitted when the
// no_parallel pragma is specified.
#pragma loop(no_parallel)
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
#include <omp.h>
// Compile with /openmp
void code_1006()
{
// Code 1006 is emitted when this function contains
// openmp. Resolve this by removing any openmp in this
// function.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
#pragma omp parallel num_threads(4)
{
int i = omp_get_thread_num();
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
void code_1007()
{
// Code 1007 is emitted when the loop induction variable
// or the loop bounds are not signed 32-bit numbers (int
// or long). Resolve this by changing the type of the
// induction variable.
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
for (unsigned int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
void code_1008()
{
// Code 1008 is emitted when the compiler detects that
// this loop does not perform enough work to warrant
// auto-parallelization.
// You can resolve this by specifying the hint_parallel
// pragma. CAUTION -- if the loop does not perform
// enough work, parallelizing might cause a potentially
// large performance penalty.
// #pragma loop(hint_parallel(0)) // hint_parallel will force this through
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
void code_1009()
{
// Code 1009 is emitted when the compiler tries to parallelize a
// "do-while" loop. The auto-parallelizer only targets "for" loops.
int i = 0;
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
do
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
while (++i < 1000);
}
void code_1010()
{
// Code 1010 is emitted when the compiler tries to parallelize a
// loop with a condition code of "!=".
// You can resolve this by replacing it with an ordering comparator
// like "<".
#pragma loop(hint_parallel(0))
for (int i = 0; i != 1000; ++i)
{
A[i]++;
}
}
11xx 原因代码
11xx 原因代码应用于向量化程序。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
1100 | 循环包含控制流(例如 “if ”或“?: ”)。 |
1101 | 循环包含无法向量化的(可能是隐式的)数据类型转换。 |
1102 | 循环包含非算术或其他非向量化操作。 |
1103 | 循环体包括大小在循环内可能会有所不同的移位操作。 |
1104 | 循环体包含标量变量。 |
1105 | 循环包含无法识别的缩减运算。 |
1106 | 未向量化的外部循环。 |
void code_1100(int *A, int x)
{
// Code 1100 is emitted when the compiler detects control flow
// in the loop - for example, "if", the ternary operator "?", and
// the like. Resolve this by flattening or removing control
// flow in the loop body.
// Not all control flow causes 1100; some is indeed
// vectorized.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
// straight line code is more amenable to vectorization
if (x)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
}
extern "C" int __readcr0();
void code_1102(int *A)
{
// Code 1102 is emitted when the compiler is unable to vectorize
// an operation in the loop body. For example, intrinsics and other
// non-arithmetic, non-logical, and non-memory operations are not
// vectorizable.
// Resolve this by removing as many non-vectorizable operations
// as possible from the loop body.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = __readcr0();
}
}
void code_1103(int *A, int *B)
{
// Code 1103 is emitted when the compiler is unable to vectorize
// a "shift" operation. In this example, there are two shifts
// that cannot be vectorized.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] >> B[i]; // not vectorizable
int x = B[i];
A[i] = A[i] >> x; // not vectorizable
}
// To resolve this, ensure that your shift amounts are loop
// invariant. If the shift amounts cannot be loop invariant,
// it may not be possible to vectorize this loop.
int x = B[0];
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] >> x; // vectorizable
}
}
int code_1104(int *A, int *B)
{
// When it vectorizes a loop, the compiler must 'expand' scalar
// variables to a vector size such that they can fit in
// vector registers. Code 1104 is emitted when the compiler
// cannot 'expand' such scalars.
// In this example, we try to 'expand' x to be used in the
// vectorized loop. However, there is a use of 'x'
// beyond the loop body, which prohibits this expansion.
// To resolve this, try to limit scalars to be used only in
// the loop body and not beyond, and try to keep their types
// consistent with the loop types.
int x;
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
x = B[i];
A[i] = A[i] + x;
}
return x;
}
int code_1105(int *A)
{
// The compiler performs an optimization that's known as "reduction"
// when it operates on each element of an array and computes
// a resulting scalar value - for example, in this piece of code, which
// computes the sum of each element in the array:
int s = 0;
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
s += A[i]; // vectorizable
}
// The reduction pattern must resemble the loop in the example. The
// compiler emits code 1105 if it cannot deduce the reduction
// pattern, as shown in this example:
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
s += A[i] + s; // code 1105
}
// Similarly, reductions of "float" or "double" types require
// that the /fp:fast switch is thrown. Strictly speaking,
// the reduction optimization that the compiler performs uses
// "floating point reassociation". Reassociation is only
// allowed when /fp:fast is thrown.
return s;
}
void code_1106(int *A)
{
// Code 1106 is emitted when the compiler tries to vectorize
// an outer loop.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i) // this loop is not vectorized
{
for (int j=0; j<1000; ++j) // this loop is vectorized
{
A[j] = A[j] + 1;
}
}
}
12xx 原因代码
12xx 原因代码应用于向量化程序。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
1200 | 循环包含阻止向量化的循环携带的数据依赖项。 不同的循环迭代会相互影响,这样向量化循环将生成错误的答案,并且自动向量化程序不能证明自身没有此类数据依赖项。 |
1201 | 数组基础会在循环时更改。 |
1202 | 结构中的字段没有 32 或 64 位宽。 |
1203 | 循环体包含对数组的非连续访问。 |
1204 | 编译器内部数据结构限制命中:数据相关性边缘太多。 |
void fn();
void code_1200(int *A)
{
// Code 1200 is emitted when data dependence is prohibiting
// vectorization. This can only be resolved by rewriting the
// loop, and considering the marking of loop function calls as
// __forceinline.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i-1] + 1; // vectorization-prohibiting
fn(); // vectorization-prohibiting
}
}
void code_1201(int *A)
{
// Code 1201 is emitted when an array base changes
// in the loop body. Resolve this by rewriting your
// code so that varying the array base is not necessary.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
A++;
}
}
struct S_1202
{
short a;
short b;
} s[1000];
short sA[1000], sB[1000], sC[1000];
void code_1202(S_1202 *s)
{
// Code 1202 is emitted when non-vectorizable struct accesses
// are present in the loop body. Only struct accesses
// that are 32 or 64 bits are vectorized.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
s[i].a = s[i].b + 1; // this 16 bit struct access is not vectorizable
sA[i] += sB[i] * sC[i]; // this ensures we don't emit reason code '1300'
}
}
void code_1203(int *A)
{
// Code 1203 is emitted when non-vectorizable memory references
// are present in the loop body. Vectorization of some non-contiguous
// memory access is supported - for example, the gather/scatter pattern.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] += A[0] + 1; // constant memory access not vectorized
A[i] += A[i*2+2] + 2; // non-contiguous memory access not vectorized
}
}
void code_1204(int *A)
{
// Code 1204 is emitted when internal compiler data structures
// hit a limit on the number of data dependence edges recorded.
// Resolve this by moving the innermost loop to another function.
for (int i=0; i<1000; i++)
for (int j=0; j<1000; j++)
for (int k=0; k<1000; k++)
for (int l=0; l<1000; l++)
{
for (int m=0; m<1000; m++)
A[m] = A[m+i] + A[m+j] + A[m+k] + A[m+l];
}
}
13xx 原因代码
13xx 原因代码应用于向量化程序。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
1300 | 循环正文包含很少计算或不包含计算。 |
1301 | 循环步幅不是 +1。 |
1302 | 循环为“do -while ”。 |
1303 | 向量化的循环迭代太少,无法提供值。 |
1304 | 循环包含不同大小的分配。 |
1305 | 没有足够的类型信息。 |
void code_1300(int *A, int *B)
{
// Code 1300 is emitted when the compiler detects that there is
// no computation in the loop body.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = B[i]; // Do not vectorize, instead emit memcpy
}
}
void code_1301(int *A)
{
// Code 1301 is emitted when the stride of a loop is not positive 1.
// Only loops that have a stride of positive 1 are vectorized;
// rewriting your loop may be required.
for (int i=0; i<1000; i += 2)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
void code_1302(int *A)
{
// Code 1302 is emitted for "do-while" loops. Only "while"
// and "for" loops are vectorized.
int i = 0;
do
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
} while (++i < 1000);
}
int code_1303(int *A, int *B)
{
// Code 1303 is emitted when the compiler detects that
// the number of iterations of the loop is too small to
// make vectorization profitable.
// If the loop computation fits perfectly in
// vector registers - for example, the upper bound is 4, or 8 in
// this case - then the loop _may_ be vectorized.
// This loop is not vectorized because there are 5 iterations
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
// This loop is vectorized
for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
// This loop is not vectorized because runtime pointer checks
// are required to check that A and B don't overlap. It is not
// worth it to vectorize this loop.
for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
{
A[i] = B[i] + 1;
}
// This loop is not vectorized because of the scalar reduction.
int s = 0;
for (int i=0; i<4; ++i)
{
s += A[i];
}
return s;
}
void code_1304(int *A, short *B)
{
// Code 1304 is emitted when the compiler detects
// different sized statements in the loop body.
// In this case, there is an 32-bit statement and a
// 16-bit statement.
// In cases like this consider splitting the loop into loops to
// maximize vector register utilization.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
B[i] = B[i] + 1;
}
}
typedef struct S_1305
{
int a;
int b;
} S_1305;
void code_1305( S_1305 *s, S_1305 x)
{
// Code 1305 is emitted when the compiler can't discern
// proper vectorizable type information for this loop.
// This includes non-scalar loop types such as struct
// assignments, as in this example.
// Resolve this by ensuring that your loops have statements
// that operate on integers or floating point types.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
s[i] = x;
}
}
14xx 原因代码
在指定与向量化不兼容的选项时,会出现 14xx 原因代码。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
1400 | 指定 #pragma loop(no_vector) 。 |
1401 | 在面向 x86 或 ARM 时,指定 /kernel 开关。 |
1402 | 在面向 x86 时,不指定 /arch:SSE2 或更高开关。 |
1403 | 指定 /arch:ATOM 开关,且循环包含两倍运算。 |
1404 | 指定 /O1 或 /Os 开关。 |
1405 | 禁用向量化可帮助动态初始值设定项到静态初始值设定项优化。 |
void code_1400(int *A)
{
// Code 1400 is emitted when the no_vector pragma
// is specified.
#pragma loop(no_vector)
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
// Compile with /kernel
void code_1401(int *A)
{
// Code 1401 is emitted when /kernel is specified.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
// Compile with /arch:IA32
void code_1402(int *A)
{
// Code 1401 is emitted when /arch:IA32 is specified.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
// Compile with /favor:ATOM
void code_1403(double *A)
{
// Code 1401 is emitted when /favor:ATOM is specified, and
// the loop contains operations on "double" arrays.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
// Compile with /O1 or /Os
void code_1404(int *A)
{
// Code 1401 is emitted when compiling for size.
for (int i=0; i<1000; ++i)
{
A[i] = A[i] + 1;
}
}
15xx 原因代码
15xx 原因代码应用于别名。 当内存中的位置可由两个不同名称访问时,将出现别名。
原因代码 | 说明 |
---|---|
1500 | 多维数组中的可能别名。 |
1501 | 数组结构中的可能别名。 |
1502 | 可能的别名和数组索引不包括 n + K。 |
1503 | 可能的别名和数组索引有多个偏移量。 |
1504 | 可能的别名;需要过多的运行时检查。 |
1505 | 可能的别名,但运行时检查太复杂。 |
void code_1500(int A[100][100], int B[100][100])
{
// Code 1500 is emitted when runtime pointer
// disambiguation checks are required, and
// there are multidimensional array references.
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i)
{
for (int j=0; j<100; ++j)
{
A[i][j] = B[i][j] + 1;
}
}
}
typedef struct S_1501
{
int a;
int b;
} S_1501;
int iA[1000], iB[1000], iC[1000];
void code_1501(S_1501 *s1, S_1501 *s2)
{
// Code 1501 is emitted when runtime pointer
// disambiguation checks are required, and
// there are array-of-struct accesses in the
// loop body.
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i)
{
s1[i].a = s2[i].b + 1;
iA[i] += iB[i] * iC[i]; // this is to ensure we don't emit reason code '1300'
}
}
void code_1502(int *A, int *B)
{
// Code 1502 is emitted when runtime pointer
// disambiguation checks are required, and
// an array reference has an offset that varies
// in the loop.
int x = 0;
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i)
{
A[i] = B[i + x] + 1;
++x; // 'x' varies in the loop
}
}
void code_1503(int *A, int *B, int x, int y)
{
// Code 1503 is emitted when runtime pointer
// disambiguation checks are required, and
// an array reference has multiple offsets.
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i)
{
A[i] = B[i+x] + B[i+y] + 1; // multiple offsets when addressing 'B': {x, y}
A[i] = B[i+x] + B[i] + 1; // multiple offsets when addressing 'B': {x, 0}
A[i] = B[i+x] + B[i+x] + 1; // this is vectorized
}
}
void code_1504(int *A1, int *A2, int *A3, int *A4,
int *A5, int *A6, int *A7, int *A8,
int *A9, int *A10, int *A11, int *A12,
int *A13, int *A14, int *A15, int *A16)
{
// Code 1504 is emitted when too many runtime
// pointer disambiguation checks are required.
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i)
{
++A1[i];
++A2[i];
++A3[i];
++A4[i];
++A5[i];
++A6[i];
++A7[i];
++A8[i];
++A9[i];
++A10[i];
++A11[i];
++A12[i];
++A13[i];
++A14[i];
++A15[i];
++A16[i];
}
}
void code_1505(int *A, int *B)
{
// Code 1505 is emitted when runtime pointer
// disambiguation checks are required, but are
// too complex for the compiler to discern.
for (int i=0; i<100; ++i)
{
for (int j=0; j<100; ++j)
{
for (int k=0; k<100; ++k)
{
A[i+j-k] = B[i-j+k] * 2;
}
}
}
}
另请参阅
C/C++ 编译器和生成工具错误与警告
自动并行化和自动矢量化
Visual Studio 2012 中的自动向量化程序 - 概述
#pragma loop()
/Q
选项(低级别操作)
/Qpar-report
(自动并行化程序报告等级)
/Qvec-report
(自动向量化程序报告等级)