System.Double 结构

注释

本文提供了此 API 参考文档的补充说明。

Double 值类型表示一个双精度 64 位数字，其值范围介于负 1.79769313486232e308 到正 1.79769313486232e308，且可为正数或负数零、PositiveInfinity、NegativeInfinity，但不是数字 (NaN)。 它旨在表示非常大（例如行星或星系之间的距离）或极小的值（例如物质的分子量（以千克为单位）），且通常不精确（例如从地球到另一个太阳系的距离）。 Double 类型符合针对二进制浮点运算的 IEC 60559:1989 (IEEE 754) 标准。

浮点表示形式和精度

Double 数据类型能以 64 位二进制格式存储双精度浮点值，如下表所示：

部件	比特
有效数或尾数	0-51
指数	52-62
符号（0 = 正，1 = 负）	63

正如十进制小数无法精确表示某些小数值（如 1/3 或 Math.PI），二进制小数也无法表示某些小数值。 例如，1/10 可用 .1 精确表示为一个十进制小数，用 .001100110011 表示为一个二进制小数，并采用会重复到无穷大的“0011”模式。 在此情况下，浮点值提供了它所表示的数字的非精确表示形式。 对原始浮点值执行其他数学运算通常可能会加剧导致其精度不足。 例如，如果将 .1 乘以 10 与将 .1 与 .1 相加 9 次的结果进行比较，我们会发现该加法（因为它涉及另外 8 次运算）产生的结果不太精确。 请注意，仅当使用“R”Double来显示两个 值时，此差异才会明显；如有必要，则会显示 Double 类型支持的全部 17 位精度。

using System;

public class Example13
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double value = .1;
        Double result1 = value * 10;
        Double result2 = 0;
        for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
            result2 += value;

        Console.WriteLine($".1 * 10:           {result1:R}");
        Console.WriteLine($".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       .1 * 10:           1
//       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989

let value = 0.1
let result1 = value * 10.
let mutable result2 = 0.
for i = 1 to 10 do
    result2 <- result2 + value

printfn $".1 * 10:           {result1:R}"
printfn $".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}"
// The example displays the following output:
//       .1 * 10:           1
//       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989

Module Example14
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value As Double = 0.1
        Dim result1 As Double = value * 10
        Dim result2 As Double
        For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
            result2 += value
        Next
        Console.WriteLine(".1 * 10:           {0:R}", result1)
        Console.WriteLine(".1 Added 10 times: {0:R}", result2)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       .1 * 10:           1
'       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989

由于某些数字无法完全表示为小数二进制值，因此浮点数只能近似于实数。

所有浮点数的有效位数也有限，而这也决定了浮点值近似实数的精度。 Double 值的精度最高为 15 位十进制，但内部最多可保持 17 位。 这意味着某些浮点运算可能缺乏用于更改浮点值的精度。 下面的示例进行了这方面的演示。 它定义了一个非常大的浮点值，然后将 Double.Epsilon 的乘积与 1 千万亿相加。 但是，乘积太小，因而无法修改原始浮点值。 其最低有效位为千分之一，而乘积中最高有效位为 10^-309。

using System;

public class Example14
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double value = 123456789012.34567;
        Double additional = Double.Epsilon * 1e15;
        Console.WriteLine($"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    123456789012.346 + 4.94065645841247E-309 = 123456789012.346

open System

let value = 123456789012.34567
let additional = Double.Epsilon * 1e15
printfn $"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    123456789012.346 + 4.94065645841247E-309 = 123456789012.346

Module Example15
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value As Double = 123456789012.34567
        Dim additional As Double = Double.Epsilon * 1.0E+15
        Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", value, additional,
                                           value + additional)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'   123456789012.346 + 4.94065645841247E-309 = 123456789012.346

浮点数的有限精度会产生以下几种后果：

• 对于特定精度而言显得相等的两个浮点数可能比较不相等，因为它们的最低有效位不同。 在以下示例中，会将一系列数字相加，并将它们的总数与预期的总数进行比较。 虽然这两个值看起来相同，但调用 Equals 方法却表明它们并不相等。

  using System;
  
  public class Example10
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double[] values = { 10.0, 2.88, 2.88, 2.88, 9.0 };
          Double result = 27.64;
          Double total = 0;
          foreach (var value in values)
              total += value;
  
          if (total.Equals(result))
              Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values equals the total.");
          else
              Console.WriteLine($"The sum of the values ({total}) does not equal the total ({result}).");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //      The sum of the values (36.64) does not equal the total (36.64).
  //
  // If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
  // the example displays the following output:
  //       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).
  

  let values = [ 10.0; 2.88; 2.88; 2.88; 9.0 ]
  let result = 27.64
  let total = List.sum values
  
  if total.Equals result then
      printfn "The sum of the values equals the total."
  else
      printfn $"The sum of the values ({total}) does not equal the total ({result})."
  // The example displays the following output:
  //      The sum of the values (36.64) does not equal the total (36.64).
  //
  // If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
  // the example displays the following output:
  //       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).
  

  Module Example11
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim values() As Double = {10.0, 2.88, 2.88, 2.88, 9.0}
          Dim result As Double = 27.64
          Dim total As Double
          For Each value In values
              total += value
          Next
          If total.Equals(result) Then
              Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values equals the total.")
          Else
              Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values ({0}) does not equal the total ({1}).",
                             total, result)
          End If
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '      The sum of the values (36.64) does not equal the total (36.64).   
  '
  ' If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
  ' the example displays the following output:
  '       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).
  

  如果将 Console.WriteLine(String, Object, Object) 语句中的格式项从 {0} 和 {1}更改为 {0:R} 和 {1:R} 以显示两个 Double 值的所有有效数字，则结果很明显，这两个值不相等；因为在加法运算过程中会丢失精度。 在此情况下，可通过调用 Math.Round(Double, Int32) 方法在执行比较之前将 Double 值舍入为所需的精度来解决此问题。

• 如果使用十进制数，则使用浮点数的数学运算或比较运算可能不会产生相同的结果，因为二进制浮点数可能不等于十进制数。 前一示例通过显示 .1 乘以 10 并加 .1 倍的结果来说明这一点。

  当使用小数值的数值运算的准确性十分重要时，可以使用 Decimal 而不是 Double 类型。 当使用超过 Int128UInt128 类型范围的整数值的数值运算的精度很重要时，请使用 BigInteger 类型。

• 如果涉及浮点数，则值可能不会往返。 如果运算将原始浮点数转换为另一种形式，逆运算将转换后的形式转换回浮点数，并且最终浮点数等于原始浮点数，则称值是往返值。 往返可能会失败，因为转换中会丢失或更改一个或多个最低有效位。

  在以下示例中，三个 Double 值将转换为字符串并保存在文件中。 如果在 .NET Framework 上运行此示例，则即使值看起来相同，还原的值也不等于原始值。 （此后已在 .NET 中解决了这个问题，现在值正确往返。）

  StreamWriter sw = new(@"./Doubles.dat");
  double[] values = [2.2 / 1.01, 1.0 / 3, Math.PI];
  for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
  {
      sw.Write(values[ctr].ToString());
      if (ctr != values.Length - 1)
          sw.Write("|");
  }
  sw.Close();
  
  double[] restoredValues = new double[values.Length];
  StreamReader sr = new(@"./Doubles.dat");
  string temp = sr.ReadToEnd();
  string[] tempStrings = temp.Split('|');
  for (int ctr = 0; ctr < tempStrings.Length; ctr++)
      restoredValues[ctr] = double.Parse(tempStrings[ctr]);
  
  for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
  Console.WriteLine($"{values[ctr]} {(values[ctr].Equals(restoredValues[ctr]) ? "=" : "<>")} {restoredValues[ctr]}");
  
  // For .NET Framework only, the example displays the following output:
  //       2.17821782178218 <> 2.17821782178218
  //       0.333333333333333 <> 0.333333333333333
  //       3.14159265358979 <> 3.14159265358979
  

  open System
  open System.IO
  
  let values = [ 2.2 / 1.01; 1. / 3.; Math.PI ]
  
  using (new StreamWriter(@".\Doubles.dat")) (fun sw ->
      for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
          sw.Write(string values[i])
          if i <> values.Length - 1 then
              sw.Write "|")
  
  using (new StreamReader(@".\Doubles.dat")) (fun sr ->
      let temp = sr.ReadToEnd()
      let tempStrings = temp.Split '|'
  
      let restoredValues =
          [ for i = 0 to tempStrings.Length - 1 do
                Double.Parse tempStrings[i] ]
  
      for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
          printfn $"""{values[i]} {if values[ i ].Equals restoredValues[i] then "=" else "<>"} {restoredValues[i]}""")
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       2.17821782178218 <> 2.17821782178218
  //       0.333333333333333 <> 0.333333333333333
  //       3.14159265358979 <> 3.14159265358979
  

  Imports System.IO
  
  Module Example12
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim sw As New StreamWriter(".\Doubles.dat")
          Dim values() As Double = {2.2 / 1.01, 1.0 / 3, Math.PI}
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
              sw.Write(values(ctr).ToString())
              If ctr <> values.Length - 1 Then sw.Write("|")
          Next
          sw.Close()
  
          Dim restoredValues(values.Length - 1) As Double
          Dim sr As New StreamReader(".\Doubles.dat")
          Dim temp As String = sr.ReadToEnd()
          Dim tempStrings() As String = temp.Split("|"c)
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To tempStrings.Length - 1
              restoredValues(ctr) = Double.Parse(tempStrings(ctr))
          Next
  
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {2} {1}", values(ctr),
                             restoredValues(ctr),
                             If(values(ctr).Equals(restoredValues(ctr)), "=", "<>"))
          Next
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       2.17821782178218 <> 2.17821782178218
  '       0.333333333333333 <> 0.333333333333333
  '       3.14159265358979 <> 3.14159265358979
  

  如果使用的是 .NET Framework，则可以使用“G17”标准数值格式字符串来成功实现值的往返，从而保留 Double 值的完整精度。

• Single 值的精度低于 Double 值。 由于精度差异，转换为看似等效的 Single 的 Double 值通常不等于 Double 值。 在以下示例中，相同除法运算的结果会赋给 Double 与 Single 值。 将 Single 值强制转换为 Double 后，两个值的比较表明它们不相等。

  using System;
  
  public class Example9
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value1 = 1 / 3.0;
          Single sValue2 = 1 / 3.0f;
          Double value2 = (Double)sValue2;
          Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals(value2)}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False
  

  open System
  
  let value1 = 1. / 3.
  let sValue2 = 1f /3f
  
  let value2 = double sValue2
  printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False
  

  Module Example10
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 1 / 3
          Dim sValue2 As Single = 1 / 3
          Dim value2 As Double = CDbl(sValue2)
          Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False
  

  要避免此问题，请使用 Double 数据类型代替 Single 数据类型，或使用 Round 方法以使两个值具有相同的精度。

此外，由于 Double 类型的精度损失，具有 Double 值的算术运算与赋值运算的结果可能会因平台而略有不同。 例如，在 32 位与 64 位版本的 .NET 中，赋予 Double 字面值的结果可能会有所不同。 以下示例说明，当将文本值 -4.42330604244772E-305 和值为 -4.42330604244772E-305 的变量分配给 Double 变量时，会出现这种差异。 请注意，在此情况下，Parse(String) 方法的结果不会受到精度损失的影响。

double value = -4.42330604244772E-305;

double fromLiteral = -4.42330604244772E-305;
double fromVariable = value;
double fromParse = Double.Parse("-4.42330604244772E-305");

Console.WriteLine("Double value from literal: {0,29:R}", fromLiteral);
Console.WriteLine("Double value from variable: {0,28:R}", fromVariable);
Console.WriteLine("Double value from Parse method: {0,24:R}", fromParse);
// On 32-bit versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:        -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from variable:       -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305
//
// On other versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:      -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from variable:     -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305

let value = -4.42330604244772E-305

let fromLiteral = -4.42330604244772E-305
let fromVariable = value
let fromParse = Double.Parse "-4.42330604244772E-305"

printfn $"Double value from literal: {fromLiteral,29:R}"
printfn $"Double value from variable: {fromVariable,28:R}"
printfn $"Double value from Parse method: {fromParse,24:R}"
// On 32-bit versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:        -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from variable:       -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305
//
// On other versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:      -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from variable:     -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305

Dim value As Double = -4.4233060424477198E-305

Dim fromLiteral As Double = -4.4233060424477198E-305
Dim fromVariable As Double = value
Dim fromParse As Double = Double.Parse("-4.42330604244772E-305")

Console.WriteLine("Double value from literal: {0,29:R}", fromLiteral)
Console.WriteLine("Double value from variable: {0,28:R}", fromVariable)
Console.WriteLine("Double value from Parse method: {0,24:R}", fromParse)
' On 32-bit versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
'    Double value from literal:        -4.42330604244772E-305
'    Double value from variable:       -4.42330604244772E-305
'    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305
'
' On other versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
'    Double value from literal:        -4.4233060424477198E-305
'    Double value from variable:       -4.4233060424477198E-305
'    Double value from Parse method:     -4.42330604244772E-305

相等性测试

要被视为相等，两个 Double 值必须表示相同的值。 但是，由于值之间的精度差异，或是因为一个或两个值的精度损失，本应相同的浮点值通常会由于最低有效位数的差异而变得不相等。 因此，调用 Equals 方法来确定两个值是否相等，或调用 CompareTo 方法来确定两个 Double 值之间的关系，通常会产生意外的结果。 此问题在以下示例中十分明显；其中，两个明显相等的 Double 值的结果并不相等，因为第一个值的精度为 15 位，而第二个值的精度为 17 位。

using System;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      double value1 = .333333333333333;
      double value2 = 1.0/3;
      Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals(value2)}");
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.333333333333333 = 0.33333333333333331: False

open System

let value1 = 0.333333333333333
let value2 = 1. / 3.
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.333333333333333 = 0.33333333333333331: False

Module Example1
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Double = 0.333333333333333
        Dim value2 As Double = 1 / 3
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0.333333333333333 = 0.33333333333333331: False

遵循不同代码路径并以不同方式进行操作的计算所得值通常被证明是不相等的。 在以下示例中，会将一个 Double 值取平方，然后计算平方根以恢复原始值。 第二个 Double 会先乘以 3.51 并平方，再对结果开平方根，最后除以 3.51 来还原原始值。 虽然这两个值看起来相同，但调用 Equals(Double) 方法却表明它们并不相等。 通过使用“R”标准格式字符串来返回显示每个 Double 值的所有有效数字的结果字符串，会显示第二个值比第一个值小 .0000000000001。

using System;

public class Example1
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        double value1 = 100.10142;
        value1 = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(value1, 2));
        double value2 = Math.Pow(value1 * 3.51, 2);
        value2 = Math.Sqrt(value2) / 3.51;
        Console.WriteLine($"{value1} = {value2}: {value1.Equals(value2)}{Environment.NewLine}");
        Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    100.10142 = 100.10142: False
//
//    100.10142 = 100.10141999999999

open System

let value1 = 
    Math.Pow(100.10142, 2)
    |> sqrt

let value2 = 
    let v = pown (value1 * 3.51) 2
    (Math.Sqrt v) / 3.51

printfn $"{value1} = {value2}: {value1.Equals value2}\n"
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    100.10142 = 100.10142: False
//
//    100.10142 = 100.10141999999999

Module Example2
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Double = 100.10142
        value1 = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(value1, 2))
        Dim value2 As Double = Math.Pow(value1 * 3.51, 2)
        value2 = Math.Sqrt(value2) / 3.51
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}",
                        value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}", value1, value2)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    100.10142 = 100.10142: False
'    
'    100.10142 = 100.10141999999999

在精度损失可能会影响比较结果的情况下，可采用以下任意替代方法来调用 Equals 或 CompareTo 方法：

• 调用 Math.Round 方法以确保两个值具有相同的精度。 以下示例修改了前一示例以使用此方法，以使两个小数值等效。

  using System;
  
  public class Example2
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          double value1 = .333333333333333;
          double value2 = 1.0 / 3;
          int precision = 7;
          value1 = Math.Round(value1, precision);
          value2 = Math.Round(value2, precision);
          Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals(value2)}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True
  

  open System
  
  let v1 = 0.333333333333333
  let v2 = 1. / 3.
  let precision = 7
  let value1 = Math.Round(v1, precision)
  let value2 = Math.Round(v2, precision)
  printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True
  

  Module Example3
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 0.333333333333333
          Dim value2 As Double = 1 / 3
          Dim precision As Integer = 7
          value1 = Math.Round(value1, precision)
          value2 = Math.Round(value2, precision)
          Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True
  

  精度问题仍适用于中点值的舍入。 有关更多信息，请参见 Math.Round(Double, Int32, MidpointRounding) 方法。

• 测试近似相等性，而不是相等性。 此方法要求定义一个两个值可以相差但仍然相等的绝对量，或是定义一个较小值与较大值可以相差的相对量。

  警告

  Double.Epsilon 有时会在测试相等性时用作两个 Double 值之间差异的绝对度量结果。 但是，Double.Epsilon 测量的是可以在值为零的 Double 中加上或减去的最小可能值。 对于大多数正与负 Double 值，Double.Epsilon 的值太小，因而无法检测到。 因此，除零值外，我们不建议将其用于相等性测试。

  以下示例使用后一种方法来定义 IsApproximatelyEqual 方法，而该方法可用于测试两个值之间的相对差值。 它还对比了对 IsApproximatelyEqual 方法和 Equals(Double) 方法的调用结果。

  using System;
  
  public class Example3
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          double one1 = .1 * 10;
          double one2 = 0;
          for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
              one2 += .1;
  
          Console.WriteLine($"{one1:R} = {one2:R}: {one1.Equals(one2)}");
          Console.WriteLine($"{one1:R} is approximately equal to {one2:R}: {IsApproximatelyEqual(one1, one2, .000000001)}");
      }
  
      static bool IsApproximatelyEqual(double value1, double value2, double epsilon)
      {
          // If they are equal anyway, just return True.
          if (value1.Equals(value2))
              return true;
  
          // Handle NaN, Infinity.
          if (Double.IsInfinity(value1) | Double.IsNaN(value1))
              return value1.Equals(value2);
          else if (Double.IsInfinity(value2) | Double.IsNaN(value2))
              return value1.Equals(value2);
  
          // Handle zero to avoid division by zero
          double divisor = Math.Max(value1, value2);
          if (divisor.Equals(0))
              divisor = Math.Min(value1, value2);
  
          return Math.Abs((value1 - value2) / divisor) <= epsilon;
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1 = 0.99999999999999989: False
  //       1 is approximately equal to 0.99999999999999989: True
  

  open System
  
  let isApproximatelyEqual (value1: double) (value2: double) (epsilon: double) =
      // If they are equal anyway, just return True.
      if value1.Equals value2 then 
          true
      else
          // Handle NaN, Infinity.
          if Double.IsInfinity value1 || Double.IsNaN value1 then 
              value1.Equals value2
          elif Double.IsInfinity value2 || Double.IsNaN value2 then
              value1.Equals value2
          else
              // Handle zero to avoid division by zero
              let divisor = max value1 value2
              let divisor = 
                  if divisor.Equals 0 then
                      min value1 value2
                  else 
                      divisor
              abs ((value1 - value2) / divisor) <= epsilon
  
  let one1 = 0.1 * 10.
  let mutable one2 = 0.
  for _ = 1 to 10 do
      one2 <- one2 + 0.1
  
  printfn $"{one1:R} = {one2:R}: {one1.Equals one2}"
  printfn $"{one1:R} is approximately equal to {one2:R}: {isApproximatelyEqual one1 one2 0.000000001}"
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1 = 0.99999999999999989: False
  //       1 is approximately equal to 0.99999999999999989: True
  

  Module Example4
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim one1 As Double = 0.1 * 10
          Dim one2 As Double = 0
          For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
              one2 += 0.1
          Next
          Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", one1, one2, one1.Equals(one2))
          Console.WriteLine("{0:R} is approximately equal to {1:R}: {2}",
                          one1, one2,
                          IsApproximatelyEqual(one1, one2, 0.000000001))
      End Sub
  
      Function IsApproximatelyEqual(value1 As Double, value2 As Double,
                                   epsilon As Double) As Boolean
          ' If they are equal anyway, just return True.
          If value1.Equals(value2) Then Return True
  
          ' Handle NaN, Infinity.
          If Double.IsInfinity(value1) Or Double.IsNaN(value1) Then
              Return value1.Equals(value2)
          ElseIf Double.IsInfinity(value2) Or Double.IsNaN(value2) Then
              Return value1.Equals(value2)
          End If
  
          ' Handle zero to avoid division by zero
          Dim divisor As Double = Math.Max(value1, value2)
          If divisor.Equals(0) Then
              divisor = Math.Min(value1, value2)
          End If
  
          Return Math.Abs((value1 - value2) / divisor) <= epsilon
      End Function
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       1 = 0.99999999999999989: False
  '       1 is approximately equal to 0.99999999999999989: True
  

浮点值和异常

与具有整型类型的运算不同，具有浮点值的运算不会引发异常，而这些运算会在出现溢出或非法运算（如被零除）的情况下引发异常。 相反，在特殊情况下，浮点运算的结果为零、正无穷大、负无穷大或不是数字 (NaN)：

• 如果浮点运算的结果对于目标格式来说太小，则结果为零。 当两个非常小的数字相乘时，可能会出现此情况，如以下示例所示。

  using System;
  
  public class Example6
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value1 = 1.1632875981534209e-225;
          Double value2 = 9.1642346778e-175;
          Double result = value1 * value2;
          Console.WriteLine($"{value1} * {value2} = {result}");
          Console.WriteLine($"{result} = 0: {result.Equals(0.0)}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1.16328759815342E-225 * 9.1642346778E-175 = 0
  //       0 = 0: True
  

  let value1 = 1.1632875981534209e-225
  let value2 = 9.1642346778e-175
  let result = value1 * value2
  printfn $"{value1} * {value2} = {result}"
  printfn $"{result} = 0: {result.Equals 0.0}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1.16328759815342E-225 * 9.1642346778E-175 = 0
  //       0 = 0: True
  

  Module Example7
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 1.1632875981534209E-225
          Dim value2 As Double = 9.1642346778E-175
          Dim result As Double = value1 * value2
          Console.WriteLine("{0} * {1} = {2}", value1, value2, result)
          Console.WriteLine("{0} = 0: {1}", result, result.Equals(0.0))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       1.16328759815342E-225 * 9.1642346778E-175 = 0
  '       0 = 0: True
  

• 如果浮点运算的结果大小超出目标格式的范围，则运算结果为 PositiveInfinity 或 NegativeInfinity，具体取决于结果的符号。 导致 Double.MaxValue 溢出的运算的结果为 PositiveInfinity，而导致 Double.MinValue 溢出的运算的结果为 NegativeInfinity，如以下示例所示。

  using System;
  
  public class Example7
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value1 = 4.565e153;
          Double value2 = 6.9375e172;
          Double result = value1 * value2;
          Console.WriteLine($"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result)}");
          Console.WriteLine($"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result)}{Environment.NewLine}");
  
          value1 = -value1;
          result = value1 * value2;
          Console.WriteLine($"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result)}");
          Console.WriteLine($"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result)}");
      }
  }
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       PositiveInfinity: True
  //       NegativeInfinity: False
  //
  //       PositiveInfinity: False
  //       NegativeInfinity: True
  

  open System
  
  let value1 = 4.565e153
  let value2 = 6.9375e172
  let result = value1 * value2
  printfn $"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity result}"
  printfn $"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity result}\n"
  
  let value3 = - value1
  let result2 = value2 * value3
  printfn $"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity result2}"
  printfn $"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity result2}"
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       PositiveInfinity: True
  //       NegativeInfinity: False
  //
  //       PositiveInfinity: False
  //       NegativeInfinity: True
  

  Module Example8
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 4.565E+153
          Dim value2 As Double = 6.9375E+172
          Dim result As Double = value1 * value2
          Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                           Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result))
          Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                          Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result))
          Console.WriteLine()
          value1 = -value1
          result = value1 * value2
          Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                           Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result))
          Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                          Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       PositiveInfinity: True
  '       NegativeInfinity: False
  '       
  '       PositiveInfinity: False
  '       NegativeInfinity: True
  

  PositiveInfinity 也源于将正被除数除以零，而 NegativeInfinity 源于将负被除数除以零。

• 如果浮点运算无效，则运算结果为 NaN。 例如，NaN 源自以下运算：

  • 除以零，且被除数为零。 请注意，除以零的其他情况会导致 PositiveInfinity 或 NegativeInfinity。

  • 具有无效输入的任意浮点运算。 例如，使用负值调用 Math.Sqrt 方法将返回 NaN，而使用大于 1 或小于负 1 的值调用 Math.Acos 方法也会如此。

  • 参数值为 Double.NaN 的任意运算。

类型转换

Double 结果未定义任何显式或隐式转换运算符；相反，转换会由编译器实现。

将任何基元数值类型的值转换为 Double 是一种扩大转换，因此除非编译器显式需要，否则不需要显式强制转换运算符或调用转换方法。 例如，C# 编译器需使用强制转换运算符以从 Decimal 转换为 Double，而 Visual Basic 编译器则不需要。 以下示例会将其他基元数值类型的最小值或最大值转换为 Double。

dynamic[] values = { Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, Decimal.MinValue,
                   Decimal.MaxValue, Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue,
                   Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, Int64.MinValue,
                   Int64.MaxValue, SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue,
                   Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, UInt16.MinValue,
                   UInt16.MaxValue, UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue,
                   UInt64.MinValue, UInt64.MaxValue };
double dblValue;
foreach (dynamic value in values)
{
    if (value.GetType() == typeof(decimal))
        dblValue = (double)value;
    else
        dblValue = value;
    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> " +
        $"{dblValue:R} ({dblValue.GetType().Name})");
}

// The example displays the following output:
//    0 (Byte) --> 0 (Double)
//    255 (Byte) --> 255 (Double)
//    -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Double)
//    32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Double)
//    -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2147483648 (Double)
//    2147483647 (Int32) --> 2147483647 (Double)
//    -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Double)
//    127 (SByte) --> 127 (Double)
//    -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Double)
//    65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Double)
//    0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Double)
//    4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4294967295 (Double)
//    0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Double)
//    18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.8446744073709552E+19 (Double)

open System

let values: obj[] = 
    [| Byte.MinValue; Byte.MaxValue; Decimal.MinValue
       Decimal.MaxValue; Int16.MinValue; Int16.MaxValue
       Int32.MinValue; Int32.MaxValue; Int64.MinValue
       Int64.MaxValue; SByte.MinValue; SByte.MaxValue
       Single.MinValue; Single.MaxValue; UInt16.MinValue
       UInt16.MaxValue; UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue
       UInt64.MinValue; UInt64.MaxValue |]

for value in values do
    let dblValue = value :?> double
    printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dblValue:R} ({dblValue.GetType().Name})"
// The example displays the following output:
//    0 (Byte) --> 0 (Double)
//    255 (Byte) --> 255 (Double)
//    -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Double)
//    32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Double)
//    -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2147483648 (Double)
//    2147483647 (Int32) --> 2147483647 (Double)
//    -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Double)
//    127 (SByte) --> 127 (Double)
//    -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Double)
//    65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Double)
//    0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Double)
//    4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4294967295 (Double)
//    0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Double)
//    18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.8446744073709552E+19 (Double)

Module Example5
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Object = {Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, Decimal.MinValue,
                                 Decimal.MaxValue, Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue,
                                 Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, Int64.MinValue,
                                 Int64.MaxValue, SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue,
                                 Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, UInt16.MinValue,
                                 UInt16.MaxValue, UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue,
                                 UInt64.MinValue, UInt64.MaxValue}
        Dim dblValue As Double
        For Each value In values
            dblValue = value
            Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2:R} ({3})",
                           value, value.GetType().Name,
                           dblValue, dblValue.GetType().Name)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    0 (Byte) --> 0 (Double)
'    255 (Byte) --> 255 (Double)
'    -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
'    79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
'    -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Double)
'    32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Double)
'    -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2147483648 (Double)
'    2147483647 (Int32) --> 2147483647 (Double)
'    -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
'    9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
'    -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Double)
'    127 (SByte) --> 127 (Double)
'    -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
'    3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
'    0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Double)
'    65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Double)
'    0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Double)
'    4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4294967295 (Double)
'    0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Double)
'    18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.8446744073709552E+19 (Double)

此外，Single 值 Single.NaN、Single.PositiveInfinity 和 Single.NegativeInfinity 将分别转换为 Double.NaN、Double.PositiveInfinity 和 Double.NegativeInfinity。

请注意，将某些数值类型的值转换为 Double 值可能涉及精度损失。 如示例所示，将 Decimal、Int64 和 UInt64 值转换为 Double 值时，可能会丢失精度。

将 Double 值转换为任意其他基元数值数据类型的值的操作均属于收缩转换，且需（在 C# 中）使用强制转换运算符或在 Visual Basic 中使用转换方法，或是调用 Convert 方法。 超出目标数据类型范围的值（由目标类型的 MinValue 与 MaxValue 属性进行定义）的行为如下表所示。

目标类型	结果
任何整型	如果在 checked 上下文中进行转换，则会引发 OverflowException 异常。 如果转换发生在未选中的上下文（C# 中的默认值）中，则此转换运算会成功，但值会溢出。
Decimal	OverflowException 异常。
Single	Single.NegativeInfinity（负值）。 Single.PositiveInfinity（针对负值）。

此外，在 checked 上下文中转换为整数时，Double.NaN、Double.PositiveInfinity 和 Double.NegativeInfinity 会引发 OverflowException，但在 unchecked 上下文中转换为整数时，这些值会溢出。 对于转换为 Decimal，它们始终会引发 OverflowException。 对于向 Single 进行转换，它们会分别转换为 Single.NaN、Single.PositiveInfinity 和 Single.NegativeInfinity。

将 Double 值转换为其他数值类型可能会导致精度损失。 如果将值转换为任何整型，如示例输出所示，当将 Double 值舍入（如在 Visual Basic 中）或截断（如在 C# 中）时，将会丢失小数部分。 对于向 Decimal 与 Single 值进行转换，Double 值在目标数据类型中可能没有精确的表示形式。

以下示例会将多个 Double 值转换为其他几种数字类型。 在 Visual Basic（默认值）、C#（由于 checked 关键字）和 F#（由于 Checked 模块）中，将在 checked 上下文中执行转换。 该示例的输出显示了在 checked 和 unchecked 上下文中转换的结果。 通过在 Visual Basic 中使用 /removeintchecks+ 编译器开关进行编译，在 C# 中注释掉 checked 语句，以及在 F# 中注释掉 open Checked 语句，可以在 unchecked 上下文中执行转换。

using System;

public class Example5
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double[] values = { Double.MinValue, -67890.1234, -12345.6789,
                          12345.6789, 67890.1234, Double.MaxValue,
                          Double.NaN, Double.PositiveInfinity,
                          Double.NegativeInfinity };
        checked
        {
            foreach (var value in values)
            {
                try
                {
                    Int64 lValue = (long)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {lValue} (0x{lValue:X16}) ({lValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to Int64.");
                }
                try
                {
                    UInt64 ulValue = (ulong)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {ulValue} (0x{ulValue:X16}) ({ulValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to UInt64.");
                }
                try
                {
                    Decimal dValue = (decimal)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dValue} ({dValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to Decimal.");
                }
                try
                {
                    Single sValue = (float)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {sValue} ({sValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to Single.");
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
            }
        }
    }
}
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in a checked context:
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -67890.1234 to UInt64.
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -12345.6789 to UInt64.
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in an unchecked context:
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> 18446744073709539271 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (UInt64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       NaN (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       NaN (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       Infinity (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -Infinity (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)

open System
open Checked

let values = 
    [| Double.MinValue; -67890.1234; -12345.6789
       12345.6789; 67890.1234; Double.MaxValue
       Double.NaN; Double.PositiveInfinity;
       Double.NegativeInfinity |]

for value in values do
    try
        let lValue = int64 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {lValue} (0x{lValue:X16}) ({lValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Int64."
    try
        let ulValue = uint64 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {ulValue} (0x{ulValue:X16}) ({ulValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to UInt64."
    try
        let dValue = decimal value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dValue} ({dValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Decimal."
    try
        let sValue = float32 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {sValue} ({sValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Single."
    printfn ""
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in a checked context:
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -67890.1234 to UInt64.
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -12345.6789 to UInt64.
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in an unchecked context:
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> 18446744073709539271 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (UInt64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       NaN (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       NaN (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       Infinity (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -Infinity (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)

Module Example6
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Double = {Double.MinValue, -67890.1234, -12345.6789,
                                 12345.6789, 67890.1234, Double.MaxValue,
                                 Double.NaN, Double.PositiveInfinity,
                                 Double.NegativeInfinity}
        For Each value In values
            Try
                Dim lValue As Int64 = CLng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               lValue, lValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Int64.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim ulValue As UInt64 = CULng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               ulValue, ulValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to UInt64.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim dValue As Decimal = CDec(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               dValue, dValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Decimal.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim sValue As Single = CSng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               sValue, sValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Single.", value)
            End Try
            Console.WriteLine()
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output for conversions performed
' in a checked context:
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
'
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
'       Unable to convert -67890.1234 to UInt64.
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
'
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12346 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (Int64)
'       Unable to convert -12345.6789 to UInt64.
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
'
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (Int64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (UInt64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
'
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
'       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
'       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
'       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
'       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
'       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
' The example displays the following output for conversions performed
' in an unchecked context:
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
'
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
'
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12346 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (Int64)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> 18446744073709539270 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (UInt64)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
'
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (Int64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (UInt64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
'
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
'
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       NaN (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       NaN (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
'       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
'
'       Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       Infinity (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
'       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       -Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       -Infinity (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
'       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)

有关数值类型转换的详细信息，请参阅 .NET 中的类型转换和类型转换表。

浮点功能

Double 结构和相关类型提供了执行以下领域的运算的方法：

• 值的比较。 你可调用 Equals 方法来确定两个 Double 值是否相等，也可调用 CompareTo 方法来确定两个值之间的关系。

  Double 结构还支持一整套比较运算符。 例如，可测试相等或不相等，或者确定一个值是大于还是等于另一个值。 如果某一操作数是 Double 以外的数值类型，则会在执行比较之前将其转换为 Double。

  警告

  由于精度差异，你期望相等的两个 Double 值可能会变得不相等，而这会影响比较结果。 有关比较两个 值的更多信息，请参阅Double部分。

  此外，还可调用 IsNaN、IsInfinity、IsPositiveInfinity 和 IsNegativeInfinity 方法来针对这些特殊值进行测试。

• 数学运算。 常见的算术运算（如加、减、乘和除）将由语言编译器和公共中间语言 (CIL) 指令实现，而不是由 Double 方法实现。 如果数学运算中的某一操作数是 Double 以外的数值类型，则会在执行该运算之前将其转换为 Double。 此运算的结果也是 Double 值。

  可通过调用 static 类中的 Shared（在 Visual Basic 中为 System.Math）方法来执行其他数学运算。 其中包括通常用于算术（如 Math.Abs、Math.Sign 和 Math.Sqrt）、几何（如 Math.Cos 和 Math.Sin）以及微积分（如 Math.Log）的其他方法。

  还可操控 Double 值中的各个位。 BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits 方法会在 64 位整数中保留 Double 值的位模式。 BitConverter.GetBytes(Double) 方法会在字节数组中返回其位模式。

• 舍入。 舍入技术通常会用作减少因浮点表示和精度问题所导致的值差异影响。 可以调用 Double 方法来舍入 Math.Round 值。

• 格式设置。 可通过调用 Double 方法或使用复合格式设置功能，将 ToString 值转换为其字符串表示形式。 有关格式字符串如何控制浮点值的字符串表示形式的信息，请参阅标准数值格式字符串和自定义数字格式字符串。

• 分析字符串。 可通过调用 Double 或 Parse 方法将浮点值的字符串表示形式转换为 TryParse 值。 如果分析操作失败，Parse 方法则会引发异常，而 TryParse 方法会返回 false。

• 类型转换。 Double 结构为 IConvertible 接口提供了显式接口实现，而该接口支持任意两种标准 .NET 数据类型之间的转换。 语言编译器还支持将所有其他标准数值类型的值隐式转换为 Double 值。 将任何标准数值类型的值转换为 Double 是一种扩大转换，不需要使用强制转换运算符或转换方法。

  但是，Int64 与 Single 值的转换可能涉及精度损失。 下表列出了针对其中每种类型的精度差异：

  类型	最大精度	内部精度
  Double	15	十七
  Int64	19 位十进制数字	19 位十进制数字
  Single	7 位十进制数字	9 位十进制数字

  精度问题最常影响被转换为 Single 值的 Double 值。 在以下示例中，相同的除法运算生成的两个值不相等，因为其中一个值是转换为 Double 的单精度浮点值。

  using System;
  
  public class Example13
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value = .1;
          Double result1 = value * 10;
          Double result2 = 0;
          for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
              result2 += value;
  
          Console.WriteLine($".1 * 10:           {result1:R}");
          Console.WriteLine($".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       .1 * 10:           1
  //       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989
  

  let value = 0.1
  let result1 = value * 10.
  let mutable result2 = 0.
  for i = 1 to 10 do
      result2 <- result2 + value
  
  printfn $".1 * 10:           {result1:R}"
  printfn $".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       .1 * 10:           1
  //       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989
  

  Module Example14
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value As Double = 0.1
          Dim result1 As Double = value * 10
          Dim result2 As Double
          For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
              result2 += value
          Next
          Console.WriteLine(".1 * 10:           {0:R}", result1)
          Console.WriteLine(".1 Added 10 times: {0:R}", result2)
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       .1 * 10:           1
  '       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989
  

例子

以下代码示例展示了 Double 的用法：

// The Temperature class stores the temperature as a Double
// and delegates most of the functionality to the Double
// implementation.
public class Temperature : IComparable, IFormattable
{
    // IComparable.CompareTo implementation.
    public int CompareTo(object obj) {
        if (obj == null) return 1;

        Temperature temp = obj as Temperature;
        if (obj != null)
            return m_value.CompareTo(temp.m_value);
        else
            throw new ArgumentException("object is not a Temperature");	
    }

    // IFormattable.ToString implementation.
    public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider provider) {
        if( format != null ) {
            if( format.Equals("F") ) {
                return String.Format("{0}'F", this.Value.ToString());
            }
            if( format.Equals("C") ) {
                return String.Format("{0}'C", this.Celsius.ToString());
            }
        }

        return m_value.ToString(format, provider);
    }

    // Parses the temperature from a string in the form
    // [ws][sign]digits['F|'C][ws]
    public static Temperature Parse(string s, NumberStyles styles, IFormatProvider provider) {
        Temperature temp = new Temperature();

        if( s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith("'F") ) {
            temp.Value = Double.Parse( s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf('\''), 2), styles, provider);
        }
        else if( s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith("'C") ) {
            temp.Celsius = Double.Parse( s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf('\''), 2), styles, provider);
        }
        else {
            temp.Value = Double.Parse(s, styles, provider);
        }

        return temp;
    }

    // The value holder
    protected double m_value;

    public double Value {
        get {
            return m_value;
        }
        set {
            m_value = value;
        }
    }

    public double Celsius {
        get {
            return (m_value-32.0)/1.8;
        }
        set {
            m_value = 1.8*value+32.0;
        }
    }
}

// The Temperature class stores the temperature as a Double
// and delegates most of the functionality to the Double
// implementation.
type Temperature() =
    member val Value = 0. with get, set

    member this.Celsius
        with get () = (this.Value - 32.) / 1.8
        and set (value) =
            this.Value <- 1.8 * value + 32.

    // Parses the temperature from a string in the form
    // [ws][sign]digits['F|'C][ws]
    static member Parse(s: string, styles: NumberStyles, provider: IFormatProvider) =
        let temp = Temperature()

        if s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith "'F" then
            temp.Value <- Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf '\'', 2), styles, provider)
        elif s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith "'C" then
            temp.Celsius <- Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf '\'', 2), styles, provider)
        else
            temp.Value <- Double.Parse(s, styles, provider)
        temp

    interface IComparable with
        // IComparable.CompareTo implementation.
        member this.CompareTo(obj: obj) =
            match obj with 
            | null -> 1
            | :? Temperature as temp ->
                this.Value.CompareTo temp.Value
            | _ ->
                invalidArg "obj" "object is not a Temperature"

    interface IFormattable with
        // IFormattable.ToString implementation.
        member this.ToString(format: string, provider: IFormatProvider) =
            match format with
            | "F" ->
                $"{this.Value}'F"
            | "C" ->
                $"{this.Celsius}'C"
            | _ ->
                this.Value.ToString(format, provider)

' Temperature class stores the value as Double
' and delegates most of the functionality 
' to the Double implementation.
Public Class Temperature
    Implements IComparable, IFormattable

    Public Overloads Function CompareTo(ByVal obj As Object) As Integer _
        Implements IComparable.CompareTo

        If TypeOf obj Is Temperature Then
            Dim temp As Temperature = CType(obj, Temperature)

            Return m_value.CompareTo(temp.m_value)
        End If

        Throw New ArgumentException("object is not a Temperature")
    End Function

    Public Overloads Function ToString(ByVal format As String, ByVal provider As IFormatProvider) As String _
        Implements IFormattable.ToString

        If Not (format Is Nothing) Then
            If format.Equals("F") Then
                Return [String].Format("{0}'F", Me.Value.ToString())
            End If
            If format.Equals("C") Then
                Return [String].Format("{0}'C", Me.Celsius.ToString())
            End If
        End If

        Return m_value.ToString(format, provider)
    End Function

    ' Parses the temperature from a string in form
    ' [ws][sign]digits['F|'C][ws]
    Public Shared Function Parse(ByVal s As String, ByVal styles As NumberStyles, ByVal provider As IFormatProvider) As Temperature
        Dim temp As New Temperature()

        If s.TrimEnd().EndsWith("'F") Then
            temp.Value = Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf("'"c), 2), styles, provider)
        Else
            If s.TrimEnd().EndsWith("'C") Then
                temp.Celsius = Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf("'"c), 2), styles, provider)
            Else
                temp.Value = Double.Parse(s, styles, provider)
            End If
        End If
        Return temp
    End Function

    ' The value holder
    Protected m_value As Double

    Public Property Value() As Double
        Get
            Return m_value
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As Double)
            m_value = Value
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Property Celsius() As Double
        Get
            Return (m_value - 32) / 1.8
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As Double)
            m_value = Value * 1.8 + 32
        End Set
    End Property
End Class