lower_bound

项目
06/09/2015

在有序的范围内（具有大于或等于指定值的值）查找第一个元素的位置，该排序标准可由二进制谓词指定。

template<class ForwardIterator, class Type> 
   ForwardIterator lower_bound( 
      ForwardIterator first,  
      ForwardIterator last, 
      const Type& value 
   ); 
template<class ForwardIterator, class Type, class BinaryPredicate> 
   ForwardIterator lower_bound( 
      ForwardIterator first,  
      ForwardIterator last, 
      const Type& value,
      BinaryPredicate comp 
   );

参数

first
寻址要搜索的范围中的第一个元素的位置的向前迭代器。
last
寻址要搜索的范围中最后一个元素的下一位置的向前迭代器。
value
在排序范围中搜索的处于第一个位置或可能处于第一个位置的值。
comp
用户定义的谓词函数对象定义一个元素小于另一个。二进制谓词采用两个参数，并且在满足时返回 true，在未满足时返回 false。

返回值

向前迭代器在有序的范围内（具有大于或等于指定值的值）的第一个元素的位置，其中等效性由二进制谓词指定。

备注

引用的排序源区必须是有效的；所有迭代器必须是不可引用的，并在该序列中通过增加可从第一个达到最后一个。

已排序的范围是使用 lower_bound 的前置条件，并且该范围中的排序与二进制谓词指定的标准相同。

lower_bound 运算法则不修改范围。

前向迭代器的值类型需要小于比较以进行排序，因此，给定两个元素，可以确定它们是相等的（即两者均不小于对方）或其中一个小于另一个。这将导致在非等效元素之间进行排序。

算法的复杂性与随机访问迭代器是对数关系，而与其他则是线性关系，还与步骤数成比例 (last – first)。

示例

// alg_lower_bound.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>      // greater<int>( )
#include <iostream>

// Return whether modulus of elem1 is less than modulus of elem2
bool mod_lesser( int elem1, int elem2 )
{
    if ( elem1 < 0 )
        elem1 = - elem1;
    if ( elem2 < 0 )
        elem2 = - elem2;
    return elem1 < elem2;
}

int main( )
{
    using namespace std;

    vector<int> v1;
    // Constructing vector v1 with default less-than ordering
    for ( auto i = -1 ; i <= 4 ; ++i )
    {
        v1.push_back(  i );
    }

    for ( auto ii =-3 ; ii <= 0 ; ++ii )
    {
        v1.push_back(  ii  );
    }

    cout << "Starting vector v1 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v1)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    sort(v1.begin(), v1.end());
    cout << "Original vector v1 with range sorted by the\n "
        << "binary predicate less than is v1 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v1)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Constructing vector v2 with range sorted by greater
    vector<int> v2(v1);

    sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), greater<int>());

    cout << "Original vector v2 with range sorted by the\n "
        << "binary predicate greater is v2 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v2)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Constructing vectors v3 with range sorted by mod_lesser
    vector<int> v3(v1);
    sort(v3.begin(), v3.end(), mod_lesser);

    cout << "Original vector v3 with range sorted by the\n "
        <<  "binary predicate mod_lesser is v3 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v3)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Demonstrate lower_bound

    vector<int>::iterator Result;

    // lower_bound of 3 in v1 with default binary predicate less<int>()
    Result = lower_bound(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 3);
    cout << "The lower_bound in v1 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;

    // lower_bound of 3 in v2 with the binary predicate greater<int>( )
    Result = lower_bound(v2.begin(), v2.end(), 3, greater<int>());
    cout << "The lower_bound in v2 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;

    // lower_bound of 3 in v3 with the binary predicate  mod_lesser
    Result = lower_bound(v3.begin(), v3.end(), 3,  mod_lesser);
    cout << "The lower_bound in v3 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;
}

Output

Starting vector v1 = ( -1 0 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 0 ).
Original vector v1 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate less than is v1 = ( -3 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 2 3 4 ).
Original vector v2 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate greater is v2 = ( 4 3 2 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 ).
Original vector v3 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate mod_lesser is v3 = ( 0 0 -1 -1 1 -2 2 -3 3 4 ).
The lower_bound in v1 for the element with a value of 3 is: 3.
The lower_bound in v2 for the element with a value of 3 is: 3.
The lower_bound in v3 for the element with a value of 3 is: -3.