如何宣告、具現化和使用委派 (C# 程式設計指南)
您可以使用下列任何方法來宣告委派:
- 宣告委派類型,並宣告具有相符特徵標記的方法:
// Declare a delegate.
delegate void NotifyCallback(string str);
// Declare a method with the same signature as the delegate.
static void Notify(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Notification received for: {name}");
}
// Create an instance of the delegate.
NotifyCallback del1 = new NotifyCallback(Notify);
- 將方法群組指派給委派類型:
// C# 2.0 provides a simpler way to declare an instance of NotifyCallback.
NotifyCallback del2 = Notify;
- 宣告匿名方法:
// Instantiate NotifyCallback by using an anonymous method.
NotifyCallback del3 = delegate(string name)
{ Console.WriteLine($"Notification received for: {name}"); };
- 使用 Lambda 運算式:
// Instantiate NotifyCallback by using a lambda expression.
NotifyCallback del4 = name => { Console.WriteLine($"Notification received for: {name}"); };
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 Lambda 運算式。
下列範例說明如何宣告、具現化和使用委派。 BookDB
類別會封裝用來保留書籍資料的書店資料庫。 它會公開 ProcessPaperbackBooks
方法,此方法會尋找資料庫中的所有平裝書,並針對每本書呼叫委派。 所使用的 delegate
類型稱為 ProcessBookCallback
。 Test
類別會使用這個類別來列印平裝書的書名和平均價格。
使用委派,可在書店資料庫和用戶端程式碼之間建立良好的功能區隔。 用戶端程式碼不需要瞭解保存書籍的方式,或是書店程式碼尋找平裝書的方式。 書店程式碼不需要知道當它找到平裝書之後該如何處理它們。
範例
// A set of classes for handling a bookstore:
namespace Bookstore
{
using System.Collections;
// Describes a book in the book list:
public struct Book
{
public string Title; // Title of the book.
public string Author; // Author of the book.
public decimal Price; // Price of the book.
public bool Paperback; // Is it paperback?
public Book(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
{
Title = title;
Author = author;
Price = price;
Paperback = paperBack;
}
}
// Declare a delegate type for processing a book:
public delegate void ProcessBookCallback(Book book);
// Maintains a book database.
public class BookDB
{
// List of all books in the database:
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
// Add a book to the database:
public void AddBook(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
{
list.Add(new Book(title, author, price, paperBack));
}
// Call a passed-in delegate on each paperback book to process it:
public void ProcessPaperbackBooks(ProcessBookCallback processBook)
{
foreach (Book b in list)
{
if (b.Paperback)
// Calling the delegate:
processBook(b);
}
}
}
}
// Using the Bookstore classes:
namespace BookTestClient
{
using Bookstore;
// Class to total and average prices of books:
class PriceTotaller
{
int countBooks = 0;
decimal priceBooks = 0.0m;
internal void AddBookToTotal(Book book)
{
countBooks += 1;
priceBooks += book.Price;
}
internal decimal AveragePrice()
{
return priceBooks / countBooks;
}
}
// Class to test the book database:
class Test
{
// Print the title of the book.
static void PrintTitle(Book b)
{
Console.WriteLine($" {b.Title}");
}
// Execution starts here.
static void Main()
{
BookDB bookDB = new BookDB();
// Initialize the database with some books:
AddBooks(bookDB);
// Print all the titles of paperbacks:
Console.WriteLine("Paperback Book Titles:");
// Create a new delegate object associated with the static
// method Test.PrintTitle:
bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);
// Get the average price of a paperback by using
// a PriceTotaller object:
PriceTotaller totaller = new PriceTotaller();
// Create a new delegate object associated with the nonstatic
// method AddBookToTotal on the object totaller:
bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);
Console.WriteLine("Average Paperback Book Price: ${0:#.##}",
totaller.AveragePrice());
}
// Initialize the book database with some test books:
static void AddBooks(BookDB bookDB)
{
bookDB.AddBook("The C Programming Language", "Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie", 19.95m, true);
bookDB.AddBook("The Unicode Standard 2.0", "The Unicode Consortium", 39.95m, true);
bookDB.AddBook("The MS-DOS Encyclopedia", "Ray Duncan", 129.95m, false);
bookDB.AddBook("Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless", "Scott Adams", 12.00m, true);
}
}
}
/* Output:
Paperback Book Titles:
The C Programming Language
The Unicode Standard 2.0
Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless
Average Paperback Book Price: $23.97
*/
穩固程式設計
宣告委派。
下列陳述式會宣告新的委派類型。
public delegate void ProcessBookCallback(Book book);
每個委派類型都會描述引數的數目和類型,以及它可以封裝之方法的傳回值類型。 每當需要一組新的引數類型或傳回值類型時,就必須宣告新的委派類型。
具現化委派。
宣告委派類型之後,就必須建立委派物件並將其關聯至特定的方法。 在上述範例中,您可以藉由將
PrintTitle
方法傳遞至ProcessPaperbackBooks
方法來執行此動作,如下列範例所示:bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);
這會建立與靜態方法
Test.PrintTitle
相關聯的新委派物件。 同樣地,也可傳遞totaller
物件上的非靜態方法AddBookToTotal
,如下列範例所示:bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);
在這兩種情況下,會將新的委派物件傳遞至
ProcessPaperbackBooks
方法。建立委派之後,與其相關聯的方法絕對不會變更;委派物件是不可變的。
呼叫委派。
建立委派物件之後,通常會將委派物件傳遞至其他將呼叫委派的程式碼。 委派物件的呼叫方法是,使用委派物件的名稱,後面接著要傳遞至委派且已加上括號的引數。 以下是委派呼叫的範例:
processBook(b);
委派可以同步呼叫 (如此範例所示),或使用
BeginInvoke
和EndInvoke
方法以非同步方式呼叫。