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如何:實作各種生產者-消費者模式

本主題描述如何在應用程式中實作生產者-取用者模式。 在此模式中,「生產者」會將訊息傳送至訊息區塊,而「消費者」會從該區塊讀取訊息。

本主題示範兩個案例。 在第一個案例中,取用者必須接收產生者傳送的每個訊息。 在第二個案例中,取用者會定期輪詢資料,因此不需要接收每個訊息。

本主題中的這兩個範例都使用代理程式、訊息區塊和訊息傳遞函式,將訊息從產生者傳輸到取用者。 產生者代理程式會 使用並行::send 函式將訊息 寫入並行::ITarget 物件。 取用者代理程式會 使用並行::receive 函式從 並行::ISource 物件讀取訊息。 這兩個代理程式都會保留 sentinel 值,以協調處理結束。

如需非同步代理程式的詳細資訊,請參閱 非同步代理程式 。 如需訊息區塊和訊息傳遞函式的詳細資訊,請參閱 非同步消息塊 訊息傳遞函式

範例:將數列數位傳送給取用者代理程式

在此範例中,生產者代理程式會將一系列數位傳送給取用者代理程式。 取用者會接收每個數位,並計算其平均值。 應用程式會將平均值寫入主控台。

此範例會使用 並行::unbounded_buffer 物件,讓產生者將訊息排入佇列。 類別 unbounded_buffer 會實作 ITargetISource ,讓產生者和取用者可以傳送和接收共用緩衝區的訊息。 和 receivesend 式會協調將資料從產生者傳播至取用者的工作。

// producer-consumer-average.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <agents.h>
#include <iostream>

using namespace concurrency;
using namespace std;

// Demonstrates a basic agent that produces values.
class producer_agent : public agent
{
public:
   explicit producer_agent(ITarget<int>& target, unsigned int count, int sentinel)
      : _target(target)
      , _count(count)
      , _sentinel(sentinel)
   {
   }
protected:
   void run()
   {
      // Send the value of each loop iteration to the target buffer.
      while (_count > 0)
      {
         send(_target, static_cast<int>(_count));
         --_count;
      }
      // Send the sentinel value.
      send(_target, _sentinel);
                 
      // Set the agent to the finished state.
      done();
   }
private:
   // The target buffer to write to.
   ITarget<int>& _target;
   // The number of values to send.
   unsigned int _count;
   // The sentinel value, which informs the consumer agent to stop processing.
   int _sentinel;
};

// Demonstrates a basic agent that consumes values.
class consumer_agent : public agent
{
public:
   explicit consumer_agent(ISource<int>& source, int sentinel)
      : _source(source)
      , _sentinel(sentinel)
   {
   }

   // Retrieves the average of all received values.
   int average()
   {
      return receive(_average);
   }
protected:
   void run()
   {
      // The sum of all values.
      int sum = 0;
      // The count of values received.
      int count = 0;

      // Read from the source block until we receive the 
      // sentinel value.
      int n;
      while ((n = receive(_source)) != _sentinel)
      {
         sum += n;
         ++count;
      }
      
      // Write the average to the message buffer.
      send(_average, sum / count);

      // Set the agent to the finished state.
      done();
   }
private:
   // The source buffer to read from.
   ISource<int>& _source;
   // The sentinel value, which informs the agent to stop processing.
   int _sentinel;
   // Holds the average of all received values.
   single_assignment<int> _average;
};

int wmain()
{
   // Informs the consumer agent to stop processing.
   const int sentinel = 0;
   // The number of values for the producer agent to send.
   const unsigned int count = 100;

   // A message buffer that is shared by the agents.
   unbounded_buffer<int> buffer;

   // Create and start the producer and consumer agents.
   producer_agent producer(buffer, count, sentinel);
   consumer_agent consumer(buffer, sentinel);
   producer.start();
   consumer.start();

   // Wait for the agents to finish.
   agent::wait(&producer);
   agent::wait(&consumer);

   // Print the average.
   wcout << L"The average is " << consumer.average() << L'.' << endl;
}

此範例會產生下列輸出。

The average is 50.

範例:將一系列股票報價傳送給消費者代理程式

在此範例中,生產者代理程式會將一系列股票報價傳送給消費者代理程式。 取用者代理程式會定期讀取目前的引號,並將其列印至主控台。

這個範例與上一個 範例類似,不同之處在于它會使用並行::overwrite_buffer 物件,讓產生者與取用者共用一則訊息。 如同上一個範例, overwrite_buffer 類別會實作 ITargetISource ,讓產生者和取用者可以在共用訊息緩衝區上採取行動。

// producer-consumer-quotes.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <agents.h>
#include <array>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

using namespace concurrency;
using namespace std;

// Demonstrates a basic agent that produces values.
class producer_agent : public agent
{
public:
   explicit producer_agent(ITarget<double>& target)
      : _target(target)
   {
   }
protected:
   void run()
   {
      // For illustration, create a predefined array of stock quotes. 
      // A real-world application would read these from an external source, 
      // such as a network connection or a database.
      array<double, 6> quotes = { 24.44, 24.65, 24.99, 23.76, 22.30, 25.89 };

      // Send each quote to the target buffer.
      for_each (begin(quotes), end(quotes), [&] (double quote) { 

         send(_target, quote);

         // Pause before sending the next quote.
         concurrency::wait(20);
      });
      // Send a negative value to indicate the end of processing.
      send(_target, -1.0);
                 
      // Set the agent to the finished state.
      done();
   }
private:
   // The target buffer to write to.
   ITarget<double>& _target;
};

// Demonstrates a basic agent that consumes values.
class consumer_agent : public agent
{
public:
   explicit consumer_agent(ISource<double>& source)
      : _source(source)      
   {
   }

protected:
   void run()
   {
      // Read quotes from the source buffer until we receive
      // a negative value.
      double quote;
      while ((quote = receive(_source)) >= 0.0)
      {
         // Print the quote.
         wcout.setf(ios::fixed);
         wcout.precision(2);
         wcout << L"Current quote is " << quote << L'.' << endl;

         // Pause before reading the next quote.
         concurrency::wait(10);
      }

      // Set the agent to the finished state.
      done();
   }
private:
   // The source buffer to read from.
   ISource<double>& _source;
};

int wmain()
{
   // A message buffer that is shared by the agents.
   overwrite_buffer<double> buffer;

   // Create and start the producer and consumer agents.
   producer_agent producer(buffer);
   consumer_agent consumer(buffer);
   producer.start();
   consumer.start();

   // Wait for the agents to finish.
   agent::wait(&producer);
   agent::wait(&consumer);
}

此範例會產生下列範例輸出。

Current quote is 24.44.
Current quote is 24.44.
Current quote is 24.65.
Current quote is 24.99.
Current quote is 23.76.
Current quote is 22.30.
Current quote is 25.89.

unbounded_buffer 物件不同,函 receive 式不會從 overwrite_buffer 物件中移除訊息。 如果取用者在產生者覆寫該訊息之前多次從訊息緩衝區讀取,接收者每次都會取得相同的訊息。

編譯程式碼

複製範例程式碼,並將其貼到 Visual Studio 專案中,或貼到名為 producer-consumer.cpp 的檔案中,然後在 Visual Studio 命令提示字元視窗中執行下列命令。

cl.exe /EHsc producer-consumer.cpp

另請參閱

非同步代理程式程式庫
非同步代理程式
非同步訊息區
訊息傳遞函式