如何：使用 DataGrid 控制項實作驗證

發行項
09/27/2024

DataGrid 控制項可讓您在資料格和資料列層級執行驗證。使用資料格層級驗證，您可以在使用者更新值時驗證繫結資料對象的個別屬性。使用資料列層級驗證時，當使用者認可資料列的變更時，您可以驗證整個資料物件。您也可以為驗證錯誤提供自訂的視覺意見反應，或使用 DataGrid 控制項提供的預設視覺意見反應。

下列程序說明如何將驗證規則套用至 DataGrid 繫結，以及自訂的視覺意見反應。

若要驗證個別儲存格值

在與資料行搭配使用的繫結上指定一或多個驗證規則。這類似於驗證簡易控制項中的資料，如資料繫結概觀中所述。

下列範例顯示 DataGrid 控制項，其中四個資料行繫結至業務物件的不同屬性。其中三個資料行藉由將 ValidatesOnExceptions 屬性設定為 true 來指定 ExceptionValidationRule。

<Grid>

  <Grid.Resources>
    <local:Courses x:Key="courses"/>
  </Grid.Resources>

  <DataGrid Name="dataGrid1" FontSize="20"
    ItemsSource="{StaticResource courses}" 
    AutoGenerateColumns="False">
    <DataGrid.Columns>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course Name" 
        Binding="{Binding Name, TargetNullValue=(enter a course name)}"/>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course ID"
        Binding="{Binding Id, ValidatesOnExceptions=True}"/>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="Start Date"
        Binding="{Binding StartDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True, 
          StringFormat=d}"/>
      <DataGridTextColumn Header="End Date"
        Binding="{Binding EndDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True,
          StringFormat=d}"/>
    </DataGrid.Columns>
  </DataGrid>
  
</Grid>

當使用者輸入無效的值時 (例如課程識別碼資料行中的非整數)，儲存格周圍會出現紅色框線。您可以變更此預設驗證意見反應，如下列程序所述。

自訂儲存格驗證意見反應

將資料行的 EditingElementStyle 屬性設定為適合資料行編輯控制件的樣式。因為編輯控制項是在執行階段建立的，所以您無法像使用簡易控制項一樣使用 Validation.ErrorTemplate 附加屬性。

下列範例會藉由使用驗證規則新增三個資料行共用的錯誤樣式，以更新先前的範例。當使用者輸入無效的值時，樣式會變更儲存格背景色彩，並新增工具提示。注意使用觸發程式來判定是否有驗證錯誤。其必要性的原因在於目前沒有儲存格的專用錯誤範本。

<DataGrid.Resources>
  <Style x:Key="errorStyle" TargetType="{x:Type TextBox}">
    <Setter Property="Padding" Value="-2"/>
    <Style.Triggers>
      <Trigger Property="Validation.HasError" Value="True">
        <Setter Property="Background" Value="Red"/>
        <Setter Property="ToolTip" 
          Value="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Self},
            Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}"/>
      </Trigger>
    </Style.Triggers>
  </Style>
</DataGrid.Resources>

<DataGrid.Columns>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course Name" 
    Binding="{Binding Name, TargetNullValue=(enter a course name)}"/>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course ID"
    EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
    Binding="{Binding Id, ValidatesOnExceptions=True}"/>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="Start Date"
    EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
    Binding="{Binding StartDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True, 
      StringFormat=d}"/>
  <DataGridTextColumn Header="End Date"
    EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
    Binding="{Binding EndDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True,
      StringFormat=d}"/>
</DataGrid.Columns>

您可以藉由取代資料行所使用的 CellStyle，來實作更廣泛的自訂。

若要驗證單一資料列中的多個值

實作 ValidationRule 子類別，以檢查繫結資料物件的多個屬性。在您的 Validate 方法實作中，將 value 參數值轉換成 BindingGroup 執行個體。然後，您可以透過 Items 屬性存取資料物件。

下列範例示範此程序，以驗證 Course 物件的 StartDate 屬性值是否早於其 EndDate 屬性值。

public class CourseValidationRule : ValidationRule
{
    public override ValidationResult Validate(object value,
        System.Globalization.CultureInfo cultureInfo)
    {
        Course course = (value as BindingGroup).Items[0] as Course;
        if (course.StartDate > course.EndDate)
        {
            return new ValidationResult(false,
                "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.");
        }
        else
        {
            return ValidationResult.ValidResult;
        }
    }
}

Public Class CourseValidationRule
    Inherits ValidationRule

    Public Overrides Function Validate(ByVal value As Object, _
        ByVal cultureInfo As System.Globalization.CultureInfo) _
        As ValidationResult

        Dim course As Course = _
            CType(CType(value, BindingGroup).Items(0), Course)

        If course.StartDate > course.EndDate Then
            Return New ValidationResult(False, _
                "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.")
        Else
            Return ValidationResult.ValidResult
        End If

    End Function

End Class

將驗證規則新增至 DataGrid.RowValidationRules 集合。 RowValidationRules 屬性可讓您直接存取 BindingGroup 執行個體的 ValidationRules 屬性，該屬性會將控制鍵所使用的所有繫結進行分組。

下列範例會在 XAML 中設定 RowValidationRules 屬性。 ValidationStep 屬性會設定為 UpdatedValue，因此只有在更新繫結的資料對象之後，才會進行驗證。
```
<DataGrid.RowValidationRules>
  <local:CourseValidationRule ValidationStep="UpdatedValue"/>
</DataGrid.RowValidationRules>
```
當使用者指定早於開始日期的結束日期時，資料列標頭中會出現紅色驚歎號 (!)。您可以變更此預設驗證意見反應，如下列程序所述。

若要自訂資料列驗證意見反應

設定 DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate 屬性。此屬性可讓您自訂個別 DataGrid 控制項的資料列驗證意見反應。您也可以使用隱含的資料列樣式來設定 DataGridRow.ValidationErrorTemplate 屬性，以影響多個控制項。

下列範例會將預設資料列驗證意見反應取代為較明顯的指標。當使用者輸入無效的值時，具有白色驚嘆號的紅色圓圈會出現在資料列標頭中。這會發生於資料列和儲存格驗證錯誤。相關聯的錯誤訊息會顯示在工具提示中。

<DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>
  <ControlTemplate>
    <Grid Margin="0,-2,0,-2"
      ToolTip="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource
      FindAncestor, AncestorType={x:Type DataGridRow}},
      Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}">
      <Ellipse StrokeThickness="0" Fill="Red" 
        Width="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
        Height="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" />
      <TextBlock Text="!" FontSize="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
        FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="White" 
        HorizontalAlignment="Center"  />
    </Grid>
  </ControlTemplate>
</DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>

範例

下列範例提供資料格和資料列驗證的完整示範。 Course 類別提供實作 IEditableObject 以支援交易的範例資料物件。 DataGrid 控制項會與 IEditableObject 互動，讓使用者按下 ESC 鍵以還原變更。

注意

如果您使用 Visual Basic，請在 MainWindow.xaml 的第一行中，將 x:Class="DataGridValidation.MainWindow" 取代為 x:Class="MainWindow"。

若要測試驗證，請嘗試下列指示：

在 [課程識別碼] 資料行中，輸入非整數值。
在 [結束日期] 資料行中，輸入早於開始日期的日期。
刪除課程識別碼、開始日期或結束日期中的值。
若要復原無效的儲存格值，請將游標放回儲存格中，然後按 ESC 鍵。
若要在目前儲存格處於編輯模式時復原整個資料列的變更，請按 ESC 鍵兩次。
發生驗證錯誤時，請將滑鼠指標移至資料列標頭中的指標上方，以查看相關聯的錯誤訊息。

using System;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;

namespace DataGridValidation
{
    public partial class MainWindow : Window
    {
        public MainWindow()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            dataGrid1.InitializingNewItem += (sender, e) =>
            {
                Course newCourse = e.NewItem as Course;
                newCourse.StartDate = newCourse.EndDate = DateTime.Today;
            };
        }
    }

    public class Courses : ObservableCollection<Course>
    {
        public Courses()
        {
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning WPF",
                Id = 1001,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 1, 11),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 1, 22)
            });
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning Silverlight",
                Id = 1002,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 1, 25),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 5)
            });
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning Expression Blend",
                Id = 1003,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 8),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 19)
            });
            this.Add(new Course
            {
                Name = "Learning LINQ",
                Id = 1004,
                StartDate = new DateTime(2010, 2, 22),
                EndDate = new DateTime(2010, 3, 5)
            });
        }
    }

    public class Course : IEditableObject, INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        private string _name;
        public string Name
        {
            get
            {
                return _name;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_name == value) return;
                _name = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Name");
            }
        }

        private int _number;
        public int Id
        {
            get
            {
                return _number;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_number == value) return;
                _number = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Id");
            }
        }

        private DateTime _startDate;
        public DateTime StartDate
        {
            get
            {
                return _startDate;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_startDate == value) return;
                _startDate = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("StartDate");
            }
        }

        private DateTime _endDate;
        public DateTime EndDate
        {
            get
            {
                return _endDate;
            }
            set
            {
                if (_endDate == value) return;
                _endDate = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("EndDate");
            }
        }

        #region IEditableObject

        private Course backupCopy;
        private bool inEdit;

        public void BeginEdit()
        {
            if (inEdit) return;
            inEdit = true;
            backupCopy = this.MemberwiseClone() as Course;
        }

        public void CancelEdit()
        {
            if (!inEdit) return;
            inEdit = false;
            this.Name = backupCopy.Name;
            this.Id = backupCopy.Id;
            this.StartDate = backupCopy.StartDate;
            this.EndDate = backupCopy.EndDate;
        }

        public void EndEdit()
        {
            if (!inEdit) return;
            inEdit = false;
            backupCopy = null;
        }

        #endregion

        #region INotifyPropertyChanged

        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        private void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            if (PropertyChanged != null)
            {
                PropertyChanged(this,
                    new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
            }
        }

        #endregion

    }

    public class CourseValidationRule : ValidationRule
    {
        public override ValidationResult Validate(object value,
            System.Globalization.CultureInfo cultureInfo)
        {
            Course course = (value as BindingGroup).Items[0] as Course;
            if (course.StartDate > course.EndDate)
            {
                return new ValidationResult(false,
                    "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.");
            }
            else
            {
                return ValidationResult.ValidResult;
            }
        }
    }
}

Imports System.Collections.ObjectModel
Imports System.ComponentModel

Public Class MainWindow

    Private Sub dataGrid1_InitializingNewItem(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
        ByVal e As System.Windows.Controls.InitializingNewItemEventArgs) _
        Handles dataGrid1.InitializingNewItem

        Dim newCourse As Course = CType(e.NewItem, Course)
        newCourse.StartDate = DateTime.Today
        newCourse.EndDate = DateTime.Today

    End Sub

End Class

Public Class Courses
    Inherits ObservableCollection(Of Course)

    Sub New()
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning WPF", _
            .Id = 1001, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 1, 11), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 1, 22) _
        })
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning Silverlight", _
            .Id = 1002, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 1, 25), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 5) _
        })
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning Expression Blend", _
            .Id = 1003, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 8), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 19) _
        })
        Me.Add(New Course With { _
            .Name = "Learning LINQ", _
            .Id = 1004, _
            .StartDate = New DateTime(2010, 2, 22), _
            .EndDate = New DateTime(2010, 3, 5) _
        })
    End Sub

End Class

Public Class Course
    Implements IEditableObject, INotifyPropertyChanged

    Private _name As String
    Public Property Name As String
        Get
            Return _name
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As String)
            If _name = value Then Return
            _name = value
            OnPropertyChanged("Name")
        End Set
    End Property

    Private _number As Integer
    Public Property Id As Integer
        Get
            Return _number
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As Integer)
            If _number = value Then Return
            _number = value
            OnPropertyChanged("Id")
        End Set
    End Property

    Private _startDate As DateTime
    Public Property StartDate As DateTime
        Get
            Return _startDate
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As DateTime)
            If _startDate = value Then Return
            _startDate = value
            OnPropertyChanged("StartDate")
        End Set
    End Property

    Private _endDate As DateTime
    Public Property EndDate As DateTime
        Get
            Return _endDate
        End Get
        Set(ByVal value As DateTime)
            If _endDate = value Then Return
            _endDate = value
            OnPropertyChanged("EndDate")
        End Set
    End Property

#Region "IEditableObject"

    Private backupCopy As Course
    Private inEdit As Boolean

    Public Sub BeginEdit() Implements IEditableObject.BeginEdit
        If inEdit Then Return
        inEdit = True
        backupCopy = CType(Me.MemberwiseClone(), Course)
    End Sub

    Public Sub CancelEdit() Implements IEditableObject.CancelEdit
        If Not inEdit Then Return
        inEdit = False
        Me.Name = backupCopy.Name
        Me.Id = backupCopy.Id
        Me.StartDate = backupCopy.StartDate
        Me.EndDate = backupCopy.EndDate
    End Sub

    Public Sub EndEdit() Implements IEditableObject.EndEdit
        If Not inEdit Then Return
        inEdit = False
        backupCopy = Nothing
    End Sub

#End Region

#Region "INotifyPropertyChanged"

    Public Event PropertyChanged As PropertyChangedEventHandler _
        Implements INotifyPropertyChanged.PropertyChanged

    Private Sub OnPropertyChanged(ByVal propertyName As String)
        RaiseEvent PropertyChanged(Me, _
           New PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName))
    End Sub

#End Region

End Class

Public Class CourseValidationRule
    Inherits ValidationRule

    Public Overrides Function Validate(ByVal value As Object, _
        ByVal cultureInfo As System.Globalization.CultureInfo) _
        As ValidationResult

        Dim course As Course = _
            CType(CType(value, BindingGroup).Items(0), Course)

        If course.StartDate > course.EndDate Then
            Return New ValidationResult(False, _
                "Start Date must be earlier than End Date.")
        Else
            Return ValidationResult.ValidResult
        End If

    End Function

End Class

<Window x:Class="DataGridValidation.MainWindow"
  xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
  xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
  xmlns:local="clr-namespace:DataGridValidation"
  Title="DataGrid Validation Example" Height="240" Width="600">

  <Grid>

    <Grid.Resources>
      <local:Courses x:Key="courses"/>
    </Grid.Resources>

    <DataGrid Name="dataGrid1" FontSize="20" RowHeaderWidth="27"
      ItemsSource="{StaticResource courses}" 
      AutoGenerateColumns="False">

      <DataGrid.Resources>
        <Style x:Key="errorStyle" TargetType="{x:Type TextBox}">
          <Setter Property="Padding" Value="-2"/>
          <Style.Triggers>
            <Trigger Property="Validation.HasError" Value="True">
              <Setter Property="Background" Value="Red"/>
              <Setter Property="ToolTip" 
                Value="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Self},
                  Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}"/>
            </Trigger>
          </Style.Triggers>
        </Style>
      </DataGrid.Resources>

      <DataGrid.Columns>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course Name" 
          Binding="{Binding Name, TargetNullValue=(enter a course name)}"/>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="Course ID"
          EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
          Binding="{Binding Id, ValidatesOnExceptions=True}"/>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="Start Date"
          EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
          Binding="{Binding StartDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True, 
            StringFormat=d}"/>
        <DataGridTextColumn Header="End Date"
          EditingElementStyle="{StaticResource errorStyle}"
          Binding="{Binding EndDate, ValidatesOnExceptions=True,
            StringFormat=d}"/>
      </DataGrid.Columns>

      <DataGrid.RowValidationRules>
        <local:CourseValidationRule ValidationStep="UpdatedValue"/>
      </DataGrid.RowValidationRules>

      <DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>
        <ControlTemplate>
          <Grid Margin="0,-2,0,-2"
            ToolTip="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource
            FindAncestor, AncestorType={x:Type DataGridRow}},
            Path=(Validation.Errors)[0].ErrorContent}">
            <Ellipse StrokeThickness="0" Fill="Red" 
              Width="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
              Height="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" />
            <TextBlock Text="!" FontSize="{TemplateBinding FontSize}" 
              FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="White" 
              HorizontalAlignment="Center"  />
          </Grid>
        </ControlTemplate>
      </DataGrid.RowValidationErrorTemplate>

    </DataGrid>

  </Grid>
</Window>

共用方式為

如何：使用 DataGrid 控制項實作驗證

若要驗證個別儲存格值

自訂儲存格驗證意見反應

若要驗證單一資料列中的多個值

若要自訂資料列驗證意見反應

範例

另請參閱

其他資源