System.Byte 結構

2025-03-30

本文提供此 API 參考文件的補充備註。

Byte 是不可變的實值類型，代表不帶正負號的整數，其值範圍從 0（以 Byte.MinValue 常數表示）到 255（以 Byte.MaxValue 常數表示）。 .NET 也包含帶正負號的 8 位整數實值類型，SByte，代表範圍從 -128 到 127 的值。

具現化 Byte 值

您可以透過數種方式具現化 Byte 值：

您可以宣告 Byte 變數，併為其指派 Byte 數據類型範圍內的常值整數值。下列範例會宣告兩個 Byte 變數，並以這種方式指派值。
```
byte value1 = 64;
byte value2 = 255;
```
```
let value1 = 64uy
let value2 = 255uy
```
```
Dim value1 As Byte = 64
Dim value2 As Byte = 255
```

您可以將非位元組數值指派給位元組。這是窄化轉換，因此在 C# 和 F# 中需要使用強制轉換運算符，或者在 Visual Basic 中當 Option Strict 設為開啟時需要使用轉換方法。如果非位元組值是包含小數位元件的 Single、Double或 Decimal 值，則其小數部分的處理取決於執行轉換的編譯程式。下列範例會將數個數值指派給 Byte 變數。

int int1 = 128;
try
{
    byte value1 = (byte)int1;
    Console.WriteLine(value1);
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{int1} is out of range of a byte.");
}

double dbl2 = 3.997;
try
{
    byte value2 = (byte)dbl2;
    Console.WriteLine(value2);
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{dbl2} is out of range of a byte.");
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       128
//       3

let int1 = 128
try
    let value1 = byte int1
    printfn $"{value1}"
with :? OverflowException ->
    printfn $"{int1} is out of range of a byte."

let dbl2 = 3.997
try
    let value2 = byte dbl2
    printfn $"{value2}"
with :? OverflowException ->
    printfn $"{dbl2} is out of range of a byte."

// The example displays the following output:
//       128
//       3

Dim int1 As Integer = 128
Try
    Dim value1 As Byte = CByte(int1)
    Console.WriteLine(value1)
Catch e As OverflowException
    Console.WriteLine("{0} is out of range of a byte.", int1)
End Try

Dim dbl2 As Double = 3.997
Try
    Dim value2 As Byte = CByte(dbl2)
    Console.WriteLine(value2)
Catch e As OverflowException
    Console.WriteLine("{0} is out of range of a byte.", dbl2)
End Try
' The example displays the following output:
'       128
'       4

您可以呼叫 Convert 類別的方法，將任何支援的型別轉換成 Byte 值。這是可能的，因為 Byte 支援 IConvertible 介面。下列範例說明如何將 Int32 值陣列轉換成 Byte 值。

int[] numbers = { Int32.MinValue, -1, 0, 121, 340, Int32.MaxValue };
byte result;
foreach (int number in numbers)
{
    try
    {
        result = Convert.ToByte(number);
        Console.WriteLine($"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}.");
    }
    catch (OverflowException)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type.");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Byte type.
//       The Int32 value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
//       Converted the Int32 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
//       Converted the Int32 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
//       The Int32 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
//       The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Byte type.

let numbers = [| Int32.MinValue; -1; 0; 121; 340; Int32.MaxValue |]
for number in numbers do
    try
        let result = Convert.ToByte number
        printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
// The example displays the following output:
//       The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Byte type.
//       The Int32 value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
//       Converted the Int32 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
//       Converted the Int32 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
//       The Int32 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
//       The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Byte type.

Dim numbers() As Integer = {Int32.MinValue, -1, 0, 121, 340, Int32.MaxValue}
Dim result As Byte
For Each number As Integer In numbers
    Try
        result = Convert.ToByte(number)
        Console.WriteLine("Converted the {0} value {1} to the {2} value {3}.",
                      number.GetType().Name, number,
                      result.GetType().Name, result)
    Catch e As OverflowException
        Console.WriteLine("The {0} value {1} is outside the range of the Byte type.",
                      number.GetType().Name, number)
    End Try
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Byte type.
'       The Int32 value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
'       Converted the Int32 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
'       Converted the Int32 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
'       The Int32 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
'       The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Byte type.

您可以呼叫 Parse 或 TryParse 方法，將 Byte 值的字串表示轉換成 Byte。字串可以包含十進位或十六進位數位。下列範例說明使用十進位和十六進位字串來剖析作業。

string string1 = "244";
try
{
    byte byte1 = Byte.Parse(string1);
    Console.WriteLine(byte1);
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"'{string1}' is out of range of a byte.");
}
catch (FormatException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"'{string1}' is out of range of a byte.");
}

string string2 = "F9";
try
{
    byte byte2 = Byte.Parse(string2,
                            System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber);
    Console.WriteLine(byte2);
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"'{string2}' is out of range of a byte.");
}
catch (FormatException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"'{string2}' is out of range of a byte.");
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       244
//       249

let string1 = "244"
try
    let byte1 = Byte.Parse string1
    printfn $"{byte1}" 
with
| :? OverflowException ->
    printfn $"'{string1}' is out of range of a byte."
| :? FormatException ->
    printfn $"'{string1}' is out of range of a byte."

let string2 = "F9"
try
    let byte2 = Byte.Parse(string2, System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber)
    printfn $"{byte2}"
with
| :? OverflowException ->
    printfn $"'{string2}' is out of range of a byte."
| :? FormatException ->
    printfn $"'{string2}' is out of range of a byte."

// The example displays the following output:
//       244
//       249

Dim string1 As String = "244"
Try
    Dim byte1 As Byte = Byte.Parse(string1)
    Console.WriteLine(byte1)
Catch e As OverflowException
    Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is out of range of a byte.", string1)
Catch e As FormatException
    Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is out of range of a byte.", string1)
End Try

Dim string2 As String = "F9"
Try
    Dim byte2 As Byte = Byte.Parse(string2,
                           System.Globalization.NumberStyles.HexNumber)
    Console.WriteLine(byte2)
Catch e As OverflowException
    Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is out of range of a byte.", string2)
Catch e As FormatException
    Console.WriteLine("'{0}' is out of range of a byte.", string2)
End Try
' The example displays the following output:
'       244
'       249

對 Byte 值執行作業

Byte 類型支援標準數學運算，例如加法、減法、除法、乘法、減法、負數和一元負數。與其他整數類型一樣，Byte 類型也支援位運算 AND、OR、XOR、左移和右移運算符。

您可以使用標準數值運算符來比較兩個 Byte 值，或呼叫 CompareTo 或 Equals 方法。

您也可以呼叫 Math 類別的成員來執行廣泛的數值運算，包括取得數字的絕對值、計算整數除數的商數和餘數、判斷兩個整數的最大值或最小值、取得數位的正負號，以及四捨五入數位。

將位元組表示為字串

Byte 類型提供標準和自定義數值格式字串的完整支援。（如需詳細資訊，請參閱格式化類型、標準數值格式字串和自定義數值格式字串。不過，最常見的是，位元組值會以一位數到三位數的值表示，而不需要任何額外的格式設定，或以兩位數十六進位值表示。

若要將 Byte 值格式化為不含前置零的整數位符串，您可以呼叫無參數 ToString() 方法。藉由使用「D」格式規範，您也可以在字串表示中包含指定數目的前置零。藉由使用「X」格式規範，您可以將 Byte 值表示為十六進位字串。下列範例會以下列三種方式格式化 Byte 值陣列中的元素。

byte[] numbers = { 0, 16, 104, 213 };
foreach (byte number in numbers)
{
    // Display value using default formatting.
    Console.Write("{0,-3}  -->   ", number.ToString());
    // Display value with 3 digits and leading zeros.
    Console.Write(number.ToString("D3") + "   ");
    // Display value with hexadecimal.
    Console.Write(number.ToString("X2") + "   ");
    // Display value with four hexadecimal digits.
    Console.WriteLine(number.ToString("X4"));
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       0    -->   000   00   0000
//       16   -->   016   10   0010
//       104  -->   104   68   0068
//       213  -->   213   D5   00D5

let numbers = [| 0; 16; 104; 213 |]
for number in numbers do
    // Display value using default formatting.
    number.ToString()
    |> printf "%-3s  -->   "

    // Display value with 3 digits and leading zeros.
    number.ToString "D3"
    |> printf "%s   "
    
    // Display value with hexadecimal.
    number.ToString "X2"
    |> printf "%s   "
    
    // Display value with four hexadecimal digits.
    number.ToString "X4"
    |> printfn "%s"

// The example displays the following output:
//       0    -->   000   00   0000
//       16   -->   016   10   0010
//       104  -->   104   68   0068
//       213  -->   213   D5   00D5

Dim numbers() As Byte = {0, 16, 104, 213}
For Each number As Byte In numbers
    ' Display value using default formatting.
    Console.Write("{0,-3}  -->   ", number.ToString())
    ' Display value with 3 digits and leading zeros.
    Console.Write(number.ToString("D3") + "   ")
    ' Display value with hexadecimal.
    Console.Write(number.ToString("X2") + "   ")
    ' Display value with four hexadecimal digits.
    Console.WriteLine(number.ToString("X4"))
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       0    -->   000   00   0000
'       16   -->   016   10   0010
'       104  -->   104   68   0068
'       213  -->   213   D5   00D5

您也可以呼叫 Byte 方法，並提供基底做為方法的第二個參數，將 ToString(Byte, Int32) 值格式化為二進位、八進位、十六進位或十六進位字串。下列範例會呼叫這個方法，以顯示位元組值陣列的二進位、八進位和十六進位表示法。

byte[] numbers = { 0, 16, 104, 213 };
Console.WriteLine("{0}   {1,8}   {2,5}   {3,5}",
                  "Value", "Binary", "Octal", "Hex");
foreach (byte number in numbers)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0,5}   {1,8}   {2,5}   {3,5}",
                      number, Convert.ToString(number, 2),
                      Convert.ToString(number, 8),
                      Convert.ToString(number, 16));
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       Value     Binary   Octal     Hex
//           0          0       0       0
//          16      10000      20      10
//         104    1101000     150      68
//         213   11010101     325      d5

let numbers = [| 0; 16; 104; 213 |]
printfn "%s   %8s   %5s   %5s" "Value" "Binary" "Octal" "Hex"
for number in numbers do
    printfn $"%5i{number}   %8s{Convert.ToString(number, 2)}   %5s{Convert.ToString(number, 8)}   %5s{Convert.ToString(number, 16)}"
                    
// The example displays the following output:
//       Value     Binary   Octal     Hex
//           0          0       0       0
//          16      10000      20      10
//         104    1101000     150      68
//         213   11010101     325      d5

Dim numbers() As Byte = {0, 16, 104, 213}
Console.WriteLine("{0}   {1,8}   {2,5}   {3,5}",
                "Value", "Binary", "Octal", "Hex")
For Each number As Byte In numbers
    Console.WriteLine("{0,5}   {1,8}   {2,5}   {3,5}",
                   number, Convert.ToString(number, 2),
                   Convert.ToString(number, 8),
                   Convert.ToString(number, 16))
Next
' The example displays the following output:
'       Value     Binary   Octal     Hex
'           0          0       0       0
'          16      10000      20      10
'         104    1101000     150      68
'         213   11010101     325      d5

使用非十進位位元組值

除了使用個別位元組做為十進位值之外，您可能還想要使用位元組值執行位運算，或是使用位元組陣列，或是使用位元組值的二進位或十六進位表示法。例如，BitConverter.GetBytes 方法的多載可以將每個基本數據類型轉換成位元組陣列，而 BigInteger.ToByteArray 方法會將 BigInteger 值轉換成位元組陣列。

Byte 值只以 8 位為單位來表示，沒有符號位。請務必記住這一點，當您對 Byte 值執行位運算或處理個別位時。若要在任何兩個非十進位值上執行數值、布爾值或比較運算，這兩個值都必須使用相同的表示法。

當兩個 Byte 值上執行作業時，這些值會共用相同的表示法，因此結果正確無誤。下列範例會說明這一點，其中將對 Byte 值的最低位元進行遮罩，以確保它是偶數。

using System;
using System.Globalization;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      string[] values = { Convert.ToString(12, 16),
                          Convert.ToString(123, 16),
                          Convert.ToString(245, 16) };

      byte mask = 0xFE;
      foreach (string value in values) {
         Byte byteValue = Byte.Parse(value, NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier);
         Console.WriteLine($"{byteValue} And {mask} = {byteValue & mask}");
      }
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       12 And 254 = 12
//       123 And 254 = 122
//       245 And 254 = 244

open System
open System.Globalization

let values = 
    [ Convert.ToString(12, 16)
      Convert.ToString(123, 16)
      Convert.ToString(245, 16) ]

let mask = 0xFEuy
for value in values do
    let byteValue = Byte.Parse(value, NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier)
    printfn $"{byteValue} And {mask} = {byteValue &&& mask}"
                    

// The example displays the following output:
//       12 And 254 = 12
//       123 And 254 = 122
//       245 And 254 = 244

Imports System.Globalization

Module Example1
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As String = {Convert.ToString(12, 16),
                                 Convert.ToString(123, 16),
                                 Convert.ToString(245, 16)}

        Dim mask As Byte = &HFE
        For Each value As String In values
            Dim byteValue As Byte = Byte.Parse(value, NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} And {1} = {2}", byteValue, mask,
                           byteValue And mask)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       12 And 254 = 12
'       123 And 254 = 122
'       245 And 254 = 244

另一方面，當您同時處理有符號和無符號位元時，位元運算會因為 SByte 值對正數使用符號與幅度表示法，而對負數使用二進制補數表示法，而變得更加複雜。若要執行有意義的位運算，值必須轉換成兩個對等表示法，而且必須保留符號位的相關信息。下列範例將遮罩掉包含正負號和無正負號的 8 位元組數值陣列中的第 2 和第 4 位。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;

public struct ByteString
{
    public string Value;
    public int Sign;
}

public class Example1
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        ByteString[] values = CreateArray(-15, 123, 245);

        byte mask = 0x14;        // Mask all bits but 2 and 4.

        foreach (ByteString strValue in values)
        {
            byte byteValue = Byte.Parse(strValue.Value, NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier);
            Console.WriteLine($"{strValue.Sign * byteValue} ({Convert.ToString(byteValue, 2)}) And {mask} ({Convert.ToString(mask, 2)}) = {(strValue.Sign & Math.Sign(mask)) * (byteValue & mask)} ({Convert.ToString(byteValue & mask, 2)})");
        }
    }

    private static ByteString[] CreateArray(params int[] values)
    {
        List<ByteString> byteStrings = new List<ByteString>();

        foreach (object value in values)
        {
            ByteString temp = new ByteString();
            int sign = Math.Sign((int)value);
            temp.Sign = sign;

            // Change two's complement to magnitude-only representation.
            temp.Value = Convert.ToString(((int)value) * sign, 16);

            byteStrings.Add(temp);
        }
        return byteStrings.ToArray();
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       -15 (1111) And 20 (10100) = 4 (100)
//       123 (1111011) And 20 (10100) = 16 (10000)
//       245 (11110101) And 20 (10100) = 20 (10100)

open System
open System.Collections.Generic
open System.Globalization

[<Struct>]
type ByteString =
    { Sign: int
      Value: string }

let createArray values =
    [ for value in values do
        let sign = sign value
        { Sign = sign
         // Change two's complement to magnitude-only representation.
          Value = Convert.ToString(value * sign, 16)} ]


let values = createArray [ -15; 123; 245 ]

let mask = 0x14uy        // Mask all bits but 2 and 4.

for strValue in values do
    let byteValue = Byte.Parse(strValue.Value, NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier)
    printfn $"{strValue.Sign * int byteValue} ({Convert.ToString(byteValue, 2)}) And {mask} ({Convert.ToString(mask, 2)}) = {(strValue.Sign &&& (int mask |> sign)) * int (byteValue &&& mask)} ({Convert.ToString(byteValue &&& mask, 2)})"

// The example displays the following output:
//       -15 (1111) And 20 (10100) = 4 (100)
//       123 (1111011) And 20 (10100) = 16 (10000)
//       245 (11110101) And 20 (10100) = 20 (10100)

Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports System.Globalization

Public Structure ByteString
   Public Value As String
   Public Sign As Integer
End Structure

Module Example2
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As ByteString = CreateArray(-15, 123, 245)

        Dim mask As Byte = &H14        ' Mask all bits but 2 and 4.

        For Each strValue As ByteString In values
            Dim byteValue As Byte = Byte.Parse(strValue.Value, NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) And {2} ({3}) = {4} ({5})",
                           strValue.Sign * byteValue,
                           Convert.ToString(byteValue, 2),
                           mask, Convert.ToString(mask, 2),
                           (strValue.Sign And Math.Sign(mask)) * (byteValue And mask),
                           Convert.ToString(byteValue And mask, 2))
        Next
    End Sub

    Private Function CreateArray(ParamArray values() As Object) As ByteString()
        Dim byteStrings As New List(Of ByteString)
        For Each value As Object In values
            Dim temp As New ByteString()
            Dim sign As Integer = Math.Sign(value)
            temp.Sign = sign
            ' Change two's complement to magnitude-only representation.
            value = value * sign

            temp.Value = Convert.ToString(value, 16)
            byteStrings.Add(temp)
        Next
        Return byteStrings.ToArray()
    End Function
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       -15 (1111) And 20 (10100) = 4 (100)
'       123 (1111011) And 20 (10100) = 16 (10000)
'       245 (11110101) And 20 (10100) = 20 (10100)

共用方式為

System.Byte 結構

具現化 Byte 值

對 Byte 值執行作業

將位元組表示為字串

使用非十進位位元組值

其他資源