System.Double 結構

本文提供此 API 參考文件的補充備註。

實 Double 值類型代表雙精確度 64 位數位，其值範圍從負 1.79769313486232e308 到正 1.79769313486232e308，以及正數或負零、 PositiveInfinity、、 NegativeInfinity而非數位 （NaN）。 它旨在表示極其大的數值（例如行星或星系之間的距離）或極其小的數值（例如公斤中物質的分子質量），而且通常不精確（例如從地球到另一個太陽系的距離）。 Double 類型符合二進位浮點算術的 IEC 60559：1989（IEEE 754） 標準。

浮點表示法和精確度

Double資料類型會以 64 位二進位格式儲存雙精確度浮點值，如下表所示：

部分	位元
Significand 或 mantissa	0-51
指數	52-62
符號 （0 = 正數，1 = 負數）	63

就像小數分數無法精確表示某些小數值（例如 1/3 或 Math.PI），二進位分數無法代表某些小數值。 例如，1/10 會以 .1 精確表示為十進位分數，以 .001100110011表示為二進位分數，而模式 “0011” 會重複到無限大。 在此情況下，浮點值會提供其所代表數位的不精確表示。 對原始浮點值執行額外的數學運算通常會增加其缺乏精確度。 例如，如果我們比較將 0.1 乘以 10 的結果，以及將 0.1 累加九次的結果，我們可以發現加法的結果較不精確，這是由於其涉及多了八次運算而導致的。 請注意，只有當我們使用「R」Double來顯示兩個的值時，這個差異才明顯，會顯示類型支援的所有 17 位有效位數（如有必要）。

using System;

public class Example13
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double value = .1;
        Double result1 = value * 10;
        Double result2 = 0;
        for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
            result2 += value;

        Console.WriteLine($".1 * 10:           {result1:R}");
        Console.WriteLine($".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       .1 * 10:           1
//       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989

let value = 0.1
let result1 = value * 10.
let mutable result2 = 0.
for i = 1 to 10 do
    result2 <- result2 + value

printfn $".1 * 10:           {result1:R}"
printfn $".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}"
// The example displays the following output:
//       .1 * 10:           1
//       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989

Module Example14
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value As Double = 0.1
        Dim result1 As Double = value * 10
        Dim result2 As Double
        For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
            result2 += value
        Next
        Console.WriteLine(".1 * 10:           {0:R}", result1)
        Console.WriteLine(".1 Added 10 times: {0:R}", result2)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       .1 * 10:           1
'       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989

由於某些數位不能完全表示為小數二進位值，浮點數只能近似實數。

所有浮點數也有有限的有效位數，這也決定浮點值如何精確近似實數。 Double 值最多可達小數的精度位數 15 位，而系統內部最多支援 17 位。 這表示某些浮點運算可能缺少變更浮點值的精確度。 下列範例提供一個實例。 它定義了一個非常大的浮點值，然後將 Double.Epsilon 與一千兆的乘積加到這個浮點值中。 不過，產品太小，無法修改原始浮點值。 其最小有效位數為千分之一，而產品中最重要的數位為^10-309。

using System;

public class Example14
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double value = 123456789012.34567;
        Double additional = Double.Epsilon * 1e15;
        Console.WriteLine($"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    123456789012.346 + 4.94065645841247E-309 = 123456789012.346

open System

let value = 123456789012.34567
let additional = Double.Epsilon * 1e15
printfn $"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    123456789012.346 + 4.94065645841247E-309 = 123456789012.346

Module Example15
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value As Double = 123456789012.34567
        Dim additional As Double = Double.Epsilon * 1.0E+15
        Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", value, additional,
                                           value + additional)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'   123456789012.346 + 4.94065645841247E-309 = 123456789012.346

浮點數的有限精度會產生數個影響：

• 針對特定有效位數，看似相等的兩個浮點數可能不會比較相等，因為最低有效位數不同。 在下列範例中，一連串的數字會加在一起，其總和與預期總和進行比較。 雖然這兩個值似乎相同，但對 Equals 方法的呼叫表示它們不是。

  using System;
  
  public class Example10
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double[] values = { 10.0, 2.88, 2.88, 2.88, 9.0 };
          Double result = 27.64;
          Double total = 0;
          foreach (var value in values)
              total += value;
  
          if (total.Equals(result))
              Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values equals the total.");
          else
              Console.WriteLine($"The sum of the values ({total}) does not equal the total ({result}).");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //      The sum of the values (36.64) does not equal the total (36.64).
  //
  // If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
  // the example displays the following output:
  //       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).
  

  let values = [ 10.0; 2.88; 2.88; 2.88; 9.0 ]
  let result = 27.64
  let total = List.sum values
  
  if total.Equals result then
      printfn "The sum of the values equals the total."
  else
      printfn $"The sum of the values ({total}) does not equal the total ({result})."
  // The example displays the following output:
  //      The sum of the values (36.64) does not equal the total (36.64).
  //
  // If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
  // the example displays the following output:
  //       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).
  

  Module Example11
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim values() As Double = {10.0, 2.88, 2.88, 2.88, 9.0}
          Dim result As Double = 27.64
          Dim total As Double
          For Each value In values
              total += value
          Next
          If total.Equals(result) Then
              Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values equals the total.")
          Else
              Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values ({0}) does not equal the total ({1}).",
                             total, result)
          End If
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '      The sum of the values (36.64) does not equal the total (36.64).   
  '
  ' If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
  ' the example displays the following output:
  '       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).
  

  如果您將 Console.WriteLine(String, Object, Object) 語句中的格式專案從 {0} 和 {1} 變更為 {0:R} 和 {1:R}，以顯示兩個 Double 值的所有有效位數，則很明顯，由於加法作業期間精確度損失，這兩個值並不相等。 在此情況下，您可以藉由呼叫 Math.Round(Double, Int32) 方法，將 Double 值四捨五入至所需的精確度，再執行比較，來解決此問題。

• 如果使用十進位數，使用浮點數的數學或比較運算可能不會產生相同的結果，因為二進位浮點數可能不等於十進位數。 在上一個範例中，我們通過將 0.1 乘以 10 然後多次添加 0.1 的結果來說明這一點。

  當具有小數值的數值運算精確度很重要時，您可以使用 Decimal 而非 型別 Double 。 當數值運算中整數值超出Int128UInt128類型範圍，且需要精確度時，請使用BigInteger類型。

• 如果涉及浮點數，值可能不會 來回。 當某項操作將原始浮點數轉換成另一種形式，反向運算又將轉換後的形式轉換回浮點數，並且最終得到的浮點數等於原始浮點數，這樣的值稱為往返。 來回行程可能會失敗，因為轉換中遺失或變更了一或多個最小有效位數。

  在下列範例中，三個 Double 值會轉換成字串，並儲存在檔案中。 如果您在 .NET Framework 上執行此範例，即使值看起來相同，還原的值不等於原始值。 （此問題在 .NET 中已解決，讓數值可以正確往返。）

  StreamWriter sw = new(@"./Doubles.dat");
  double[] values = [2.2 / 1.01, 1.0 / 3, Math.PI];
  for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
  {
      sw.Write(values[ctr].ToString());
      if (ctr != values.Length - 1)
          sw.Write("|");
  }
  sw.Close();
  
  double[] restoredValues = new double[values.Length];
  StreamReader sr = new(@"./Doubles.dat");
  string temp = sr.ReadToEnd();
  string[] tempStrings = temp.Split('|');
  for (int ctr = 0; ctr < tempStrings.Length; ctr++)
      restoredValues[ctr] = double.Parse(tempStrings[ctr]);
  
  for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
  Console.WriteLine($"{values[ctr]} {(values[ctr].Equals(restoredValues[ctr]) ? "=" : "<>")} {restoredValues[ctr]}");
  
  // For .NET Framework only, the example displays the following output:
  //       2.17821782178218 <> 2.17821782178218
  //       0.333333333333333 <> 0.333333333333333
  //       3.14159265358979 <> 3.14159265358979
  

  open System
  open System.IO
  
  let values = [ 2.2 / 1.01; 1. / 3.; Math.PI ]
  
  using (new StreamWriter(@".\Doubles.dat")) (fun sw ->
      for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
          sw.Write(string values[i])
          if i <> values.Length - 1 then
              sw.Write "|")
  
  using (new StreamReader(@".\Doubles.dat")) (fun sr ->
      let temp = sr.ReadToEnd()
      let tempStrings = temp.Split '|'
  
      let restoredValues =
          [ for i = 0 to tempStrings.Length - 1 do
                Double.Parse tempStrings[i] ]
  
      for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
          printfn $"""{values[i]} {if values[ i ].Equals restoredValues[i] then "=" else "<>"} {restoredValues[i]}""")
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       2.17821782178218 <> 2.17821782178218
  //       0.333333333333333 <> 0.333333333333333
  //       3.14159265358979 <> 3.14159265358979
  

  Imports System.IO
  
  Module Example12
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim sw As New StreamWriter(".\Doubles.dat")
          Dim values() As Double = {2.2 / 1.01, 1.0 / 3, Math.PI}
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
              sw.Write(values(ctr).ToString())
              If ctr <> values.Length - 1 Then sw.Write("|")
          Next
          sw.Close()
  
          Dim restoredValues(values.Length - 1) As Double
          Dim sr As New StreamReader(".\Doubles.dat")
          Dim temp As String = sr.ReadToEnd()
          Dim tempStrings() As String = temp.Split("|"c)
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To tempStrings.Length - 1
              restoredValues(ctr) = Double.Parse(tempStrings(ctr))
          Next
  
          For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
              Console.WriteLine("{0} {2} {1}", values(ctr),
                             restoredValues(ctr),
                             If(values(ctr).Equals(restoredValues(ctr)), "=", "<>"))
          Next
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       2.17821782178218 <> 2.17821782178218
  '       0.333333333333333 <> 0.333333333333333
  '       3.14159265358979 <> 3.14159265358979
  

  如果您以 .NET Framework 為目標，可以使用 "G17" 標準數值格式字串 來成功進行數值來回轉換，以保留值的完整精度 Double 。

• Single 的數值精度低於 Double 的數值。 轉換成看似相等的 Single 值的 Double 值，通常不等於 Double 值，因為精確度的差異。 在下列範例中，相同的除法作業結果會指派給 Double 和 Single 值。 將 Single 值轉換成 Double之後，兩個值的比較會顯示它們不相等。

  using System;
  
  public class Example9
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value1 = 1 / 3.0;
          Single sValue2 = 1 / 3.0f;
          Double value2 = (Double)sValue2;
          Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals(value2)}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False
  

  open System
  
  let value1 = 1. / 3.
  let sValue2 = 1f /3f
  
  let value2 = double sValue2
  printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False
  

  Module Example10
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 1 / 3
          Dim sValue2 As Single = 1 / 3
          Dim value2 As Double = CDbl(sValue2)
          Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False
  

  若要避免這個問題，請使用 Double 取代 Single 數據類型，或使用 Round 方法，從而使兩個值具有相同的精度。

此外，由於Double類型精度的喪失，具有Double值的算術和指派運算結果可能會因平台而略有不同。 例如，指派常值 Double 的結果在32位和64位版本的 .NET 中可能會有所不同。 下列範例說明了當將常值 -4.42330604244772E-305 與值為 -4.42330604244772E-305 的變數分別指定給一個 Double 變數時，這個差異。 請注意，在此情況下，方法的結果 Parse(String) 不會因為精確度遺失而受到影響。

double value = -4.42330604244772E-305;

double fromLiteral = -4.42330604244772E-305;
double fromVariable = value;
double fromParse = Double.Parse("-4.42330604244772E-305");

Console.WriteLine("Double value from literal: {0,29:R}", fromLiteral);
Console.WriteLine("Double value from variable: {0,28:R}", fromVariable);
Console.WriteLine("Double value from Parse method: {0,24:R}", fromParse);
// On 32-bit versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:        -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from variable:       -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305
//
// On other versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:      -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from variable:     -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305

let value = -4.42330604244772E-305

let fromLiteral = -4.42330604244772E-305
let fromVariable = value
let fromParse = Double.Parse "-4.42330604244772E-305"

printfn $"Double value from literal: {fromLiteral,29:R}"
printfn $"Double value from variable: {fromVariable,28:R}"
printfn $"Double value from Parse method: {fromParse,24:R}"
// On 32-bit versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:        -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from variable:       -4.42330604244772E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305
//
// On other versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
//    Double value from literal:      -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from variable:     -4.4233060424477198E-305
//    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305

Dim value As Double = -4.4233060424477198E-305

Dim fromLiteral As Double = -4.4233060424477198E-305
Dim fromVariable As Double = value
Dim fromParse As Double = Double.Parse("-4.42330604244772E-305")

Console.WriteLine("Double value from literal: {0,29:R}", fromLiteral)
Console.WriteLine("Double value from variable: {0,28:R}", fromVariable)
Console.WriteLine("Double value from Parse method: {0,24:R}", fromParse)
' On 32-bit versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
'    Double value from literal:        -4.42330604244772E-305
'    Double value from variable:       -4.42330604244772E-305
'    Double value from Parse method:   -4.42330604244772E-305
'
' On other versions of the .NET Framework, the output is:
'    Double value from literal:        -4.4233060424477198E-305
'    Double value from variable:       -4.4233060424477198E-305
'    Double value from Parse method:     -4.42330604244772E-305

進行相等性測試

若要視為相等，兩個 Double 值必須代表相同的值。 不過，由於數值之間的精度差異，或者其中一個或兩個數值的精度受到損失，因此預期相同的浮點數值通常因其最低有效位數的不同而不相等。 因此，呼叫 Equals 方法來判斷兩個值是否相等，或呼叫 CompareTo 方法來判斷兩個 Double 值之間的關聯性，通常會產生非預期的結果。 這在以下範例中很明顯，Double 中的兩個看似相等的值結果並不相等，因為第一個有 15 位數的精度，而第二個則有 17 位。

using System;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      double value1 = .333333333333333;
      double value2 = 1.0/3;
      Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals(value2)}");
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.333333333333333 = 0.33333333333333331: False

open System

let value1 = 0.333333333333333
let value2 = 1. / 3.
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.333333333333333 = 0.33333333333333331: False

Module Example1
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Double = 0.333333333333333
        Dim value2 As Double = 1 / 3
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0.333333333333333 = 0.33333333333333331: False

遵循不同程式路徑且以不同方式處理的計算值經常會不相等。 在下列範例中，一個 Double 值是平方，然後計算平方根來還原原始值。 第二個 Double 先乘以 3.51，然後平方，之後將結果的平方根除以 3.51，以還原為原始的第二個 Double 值。 雖然這兩個值看起來完全相同，但對 Equals(Double) 方法的呼叫表示它們不相等。 使用「R」標準格式字串傳回的結果字串顯示出每個 Double 值的所有有效位數，並顯示第二個值比第一個值少了0.0000000000001。

using System;

public class Example1
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        double value1 = 100.10142;
        value1 = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(value1, 2));
        double value2 = Math.Pow(value1 * 3.51, 2);
        value2 = Math.Sqrt(value2) / 3.51;
        Console.WriteLine($"{value1} = {value2}: {value1.Equals(value2)}{Environment.NewLine}");
        Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    100.10142 = 100.10142: False
//
//    100.10142 = 100.10141999999999

open System

let value1 = 
    Math.Pow(100.10142, 2)
    |> sqrt

let value2 = 
    let v = pown (value1 * 3.51) 2
    (Math.Sqrt v) / 3.51

printfn $"{value1} = {value2}: {value1.Equals value2}\n"
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    100.10142 = 100.10142: False
//
//    100.10142 = 100.10141999999999

Module Example2
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Double = 100.10142
        value1 = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(value1, 2))
        Dim value2 As Double = Math.Pow(value1 * 3.51, 2)
        value2 = Math.Sqrt(value2) / 3.51
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}",
                        value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}", value1, value2)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    100.10142 = 100.10142: False
'    
'    100.10142 = 100.10141999999999

如果遺失精確度可能會影響比較的結果，您可以採用下列任何替代方法呼叫 Equals 或 CompareTo 方法：

• 呼叫 Math.Round 方法，以確保這兩個值具有相同的精度。 下列範例會修改先前的範例，以使用此方法，讓兩個小數值相等。

  using System;
  
  public class Example2
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          double value1 = .333333333333333;
          double value2 = 1.0 / 3;
          int precision = 7;
          value1 = Math.Round(value1, precision);
          value2 = Math.Round(value2, precision);
          Console.WriteLine($"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals(value2)}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True
  

  open System
  
  let v1 = 0.333333333333333
  let v2 = 1. / 3.
  let precision = 7
  let value1 = Math.Round(v1, precision)
  let value2 = Math.Round(v2, precision)
  printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //        0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True
  

  Module Example3
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 0.333333333333333
          Dim value2 As Double = 1 / 3
          Dim precision As Integer = 7
          value1 = Math.Round(value1, precision)
          value2 = Math.Round(value2, precision)
          Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True
  

  精確度問題仍適用於中間點值的四捨五入。 如需詳細資訊，請參閱 Math.Round(Double, Int32, MidpointRounding) 方法。

• 測試大約相等，而不是完全相等。 這需要您定義兩個值可以相差但仍相等的絕對量，或定義較小的值可以從較大值中除以的相對量。

  警告

  當測試是否相等時，Double.Epsilon 有時會當做兩個 Double 值之間距離的絕對量值。 不過，Double.Epsilon 測量可以加到或減去其值為零的 Double 的最小可能值。 對於大部分的正負 Double 值，Double.Epsilon 的值太小而無法偵測。 因此，除了零值，我們不建議用於相等性測試。

  下列範例會使用後者方法來定義 IsApproximatelyEqual 方法，以測試兩個值之間的相對差異。 它也會對比呼叫 IsApproximatelyEqual 方法和 Equals(Double) 方法的結果。

  using System;
  
  public class Example3
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          double one1 = .1 * 10;
          double one2 = 0;
          for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
              one2 += .1;
  
          Console.WriteLine($"{one1:R} = {one2:R}: {one1.Equals(one2)}");
          Console.WriteLine($"{one1:R} is approximately equal to {one2:R}: {IsApproximatelyEqual(one1, one2, .000000001)}");
      }
  
      static bool IsApproximatelyEqual(double value1, double value2, double epsilon)
      {
          // If they are equal anyway, just return True.
          if (value1.Equals(value2))
              return true;
  
          // Handle NaN, Infinity.
          if (Double.IsInfinity(value1) | Double.IsNaN(value1))
              return value1.Equals(value2);
          else if (Double.IsInfinity(value2) | Double.IsNaN(value2))
              return value1.Equals(value2);
  
          // Handle zero to avoid division by zero
          double divisor = Math.Max(value1, value2);
          if (divisor.Equals(0))
              divisor = Math.Min(value1, value2);
  
          return Math.Abs((value1 - value2) / divisor) <= epsilon;
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1 = 0.99999999999999989: False
  //       1 is approximately equal to 0.99999999999999989: True
  

  open System
  
  let isApproximatelyEqual (value1: double) (value2: double) (epsilon: double) =
      // If they are equal anyway, just return True.
      if value1.Equals value2 then 
          true
      else
          // Handle NaN, Infinity.
          if Double.IsInfinity value1 || Double.IsNaN value1 then 
              value1.Equals value2
          elif Double.IsInfinity value2 || Double.IsNaN value2 then
              value1.Equals value2
          else
              // Handle zero to avoid division by zero
              let divisor = max value1 value2
              let divisor = 
                  if divisor.Equals 0 then
                      min value1 value2
                  else 
                      divisor
              abs ((value1 - value2) / divisor) <= epsilon
  
  let one1 = 0.1 * 10.
  let mutable one2 = 0.
  for _ = 1 to 10 do
      one2 <- one2 + 0.1
  
  printfn $"{one1:R} = {one2:R}: {one1.Equals one2}"
  printfn $"{one1:R} is approximately equal to {one2:R}: {isApproximatelyEqual one1 one2 0.000000001}"
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1 = 0.99999999999999989: False
  //       1 is approximately equal to 0.99999999999999989: True
  

  Module Example4
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim one1 As Double = 0.1 * 10
          Dim one2 As Double = 0
          For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
              one2 += 0.1
          Next
          Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", one1, one2, one1.Equals(one2))
          Console.WriteLine("{0:R} is approximately equal to {1:R}: {2}",
                          one1, one2,
                          IsApproximatelyEqual(one1, one2, 0.000000001))
      End Sub
  
      Function IsApproximatelyEqual(value1 As Double, value2 As Double,
                                   epsilon As Double) As Boolean
          ' If they are equal anyway, just return True.
          If value1.Equals(value2) Then Return True
  
          ' Handle NaN, Infinity.
          If Double.IsInfinity(value1) Or Double.IsNaN(value1) Then
              Return value1.Equals(value2)
          ElseIf Double.IsInfinity(value2) Or Double.IsNaN(value2) Then
              Return value1.Equals(value2)
          End If
  
          ' Handle zero to avoid division by zero
          Dim divisor As Double = Math.Max(value1, value2)
          If divisor.Equals(0) Then
              divisor = Math.Min(value1, value2)
          End If
  
          Return Math.Abs((value1 - value2) / divisor) <= epsilon
      End Function
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       1 = 0.99999999999999989: False
  '       1 is approximately equal to 0.99999999999999989: True
  

浮點值和例外狀況

不同於整數類型的運算會在溢位或不合法的操作（如除以零）時擲回例外狀況，浮點數值的運算則不會擲回例外狀況。 相反地，在特殊情況下，浮點運算的結果為零、正無限大、負無限大，或不是數位 （NaN）：

• 如果浮點運算的結果對目的格式而言太小，則結果為零。 當兩個非常小的數位相乘時，就會發生這種情況，如下列範例所示。

  using System;
  
  public class Example6
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value1 = 1.1632875981534209e-225;
          Double value2 = 9.1642346778e-175;
          Double result = value1 * value2;
          Console.WriteLine($"{value1} * {value2} = {result}");
          Console.WriteLine($"{result} = 0: {result.Equals(0.0)}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1.16328759815342E-225 * 9.1642346778E-175 = 0
  //       0 = 0: True
  

  let value1 = 1.1632875981534209e-225
  let value2 = 9.1642346778e-175
  let result = value1 * value2
  printfn $"{value1} * {value2} = {result}"
  printfn $"{result} = 0: {result.Equals 0.0}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       1.16328759815342E-225 * 9.1642346778E-175 = 0
  //       0 = 0: True
  

  Module Example7
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 1.1632875981534209E-225
          Dim value2 As Double = 9.1642346778E-175
          Dim result As Double = value1 * value2
          Console.WriteLine("{0} * {1} = {2}", value1, value2, result)
          Console.WriteLine("{0} = 0: {1}", result, result.Equals(0.0))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       1.16328759815342E-225 * 9.1642346778E-175 = 0
  '       0 = 0: True
  

• 如果浮點運算的結果大於目的格式的範圍，則依據結果的正負號，作業的結果會是 PositiveInfinity 或 NegativeInfinity。 Double.MaxValue 溢位作業的結果是 PositiveInfinity，而溢位 Double.MinValue 的作業結果 NegativeInfinity，如下列範例所示。

  using System;
  
  public class Example7
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value1 = 4.565e153;
          Double value2 = 6.9375e172;
          Double result = value1 * value2;
          Console.WriteLine($"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result)}");
          Console.WriteLine($"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result)}{Environment.NewLine}");
  
          value1 = -value1;
          result = value1 * value2;
          Console.WriteLine($"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result)}");
          Console.WriteLine($"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result)}");
      }
  }
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       PositiveInfinity: True
  //       NegativeInfinity: False
  //
  //       PositiveInfinity: False
  //       NegativeInfinity: True
  

  open System
  
  let value1 = 4.565e153
  let value2 = 6.9375e172
  let result = value1 * value2
  printfn $"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity result}"
  printfn $"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity result}\n"
  
  let value3 = - value1
  let result2 = value2 * value3
  printfn $"PositiveInfinity: {Double.IsPositiveInfinity result2}"
  printfn $"NegativeInfinity: {Double.IsNegativeInfinity result2}"
  
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       PositiveInfinity: True
  //       NegativeInfinity: False
  //
  //       PositiveInfinity: False
  //       NegativeInfinity: True
  

  Module Example8
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value1 As Double = 4.565E+153
          Dim value2 As Double = 6.9375E+172
          Dim result As Double = value1 * value2
          Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                           Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result))
          Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                          Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result))
          Console.WriteLine()
          value1 = -value1
          result = value1 * value2
          Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                           Double.IsPositiveInfinity(result))
          Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                          Double.IsNegativeInfinity(result))
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       PositiveInfinity: True
  '       NegativeInfinity: False
  '       
  '       PositiveInfinity: False
  '       NegativeInfinity: True
  

  PositiveInfinity 也由正的被除數除以零產生，而 NegativeInfinity 則由負的被除數除以零產生。

• 如果浮點運算無效，作業的結果會 NaN。 例如，NaN 是由下列操作得出的結果：

  • 除以零除法，除數為零。 請注意，除以零的其他案例會導致 PositiveInfinity 或 NegativeInfinity。

  • 任何具有無效輸入的浮點運算。 例如，呼叫 Math.Sqrt 方法時使用負值會傳回NaN，就像呼叫 Math.Acos 方法時，若值大於一或小於負一。

  • 具有自變數的任何作業，其值為 Double.NaN。

類型轉換

Double 結構未定義任何明確或隱含轉換運算符;相反地，編譯程式會實作轉換。

將任何基本數值型別的值轉換成 Double 是一種擴大轉換，因此，除非編譯器明確要求，否則不需要明確的轉換運算符或呼叫轉換方法。 例如，C# 編譯程式需要轉換運算元，才能從 Decimal 轉換成 Double，而 Visual Basic 編譯程式則不需要。 下列範例會將其他基本數值類型的 Double最小值或最大值轉換為 。

dynamic[] values = { Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, Decimal.MinValue,
                   Decimal.MaxValue, Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue,
                   Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, Int64.MinValue,
                   Int64.MaxValue, SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue,
                   Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, UInt16.MinValue,
                   UInt16.MaxValue, UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue,
                   UInt64.MinValue, UInt64.MaxValue };
double dblValue;
foreach (dynamic value in values)
{
    if (value.GetType() == typeof(decimal))
        dblValue = (double)value;
    else
        dblValue = value;
    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> " +
        $"{dblValue:R} ({dblValue.GetType().Name})");
}

// The example displays the following output:
//    0 (Byte) --> 0 (Double)
//    255 (Byte) --> 255 (Double)
//    -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Double)
//    32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Double)
//    -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2147483648 (Double)
//    2147483647 (Int32) --> 2147483647 (Double)
//    -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Double)
//    127 (SByte) --> 127 (Double)
//    -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Double)
//    65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Double)
//    0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Double)
//    4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4294967295 (Double)
//    0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Double)
//    18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.8446744073709552E+19 (Double)

open System

let values: obj[] = 
    [| Byte.MinValue; Byte.MaxValue; Decimal.MinValue
       Decimal.MaxValue; Int16.MinValue; Int16.MaxValue
       Int32.MinValue; Int32.MaxValue; Int64.MinValue
       Int64.MaxValue; SByte.MinValue; SByte.MaxValue
       Single.MinValue; Single.MaxValue; UInt16.MinValue
       UInt16.MaxValue; UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue
       UInt64.MinValue; UInt64.MaxValue |]

for value in values do
    let dblValue = value :?> double
    printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dblValue:R} ({dblValue.GetType().Name})"
// The example displays the following output:
//    0 (Byte) --> 0 (Double)
//    255 (Byte) --> 255 (Double)
//    -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
//    -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Double)
//    32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Double)
//    -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2147483648 (Double)
//    2147483647 (Int32) --> 2147483647 (Double)
//    -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
//    -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Double)
//    127 (SByte) --> 127 (Double)
//    -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
//    0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Double)
//    65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Double)
//    0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Double)
//    4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4294967295 (Double)
//    0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Double)
//    18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.8446744073709552E+19 (Double)

Module Example5
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Object = {Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, Decimal.MinValue,
                                 Decimal.MaxValue, Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue,
                                 Int32.MinValue, Int32.MaxValue, Int64.MinValue,
                                 Int64.MaxValue, SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue,
                                 Single.MinValue, Single.MaxValue, UInt16.MinValue,
                                 UInt16.MaxValue, UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue,
                                 UInt64.MinValue, UInt64.MaxValue}
        Dim dblValue As Double
        For Each value In values
            dblValue = value
            Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2:R} ({3})",
                           value, value.GetType().Name,
                           dblValue, dblValue.GetType().Name)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'    0 (Byte) --> 0 (Double)
'    255 (Byte) --> 255 (Double)
'    -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
'    79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.9228162514264338E+28 (Double)
'    -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Double)
'    32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Double)
'    -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2147483648 (Double)
'    2147483647 (Int32) --> 2147483647 (Double)
'    -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
'    9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.2233720368547758E+18 (Double)
'    -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Double)
'    127 (SByte) --> 127 (Double)
'    -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
'    3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.4028234663852886E+38 (Double)
'    0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Double)
'    65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Double)
'    0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Double)
'    4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4294967295 (Double)
'    0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Double)
'    18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.8446744073709552E+19 (Double)

此外，Single 值 Single.NaN、Single.PositiveInfinity和 Single.NegativeInfinity 分別轉換成 Double.NaN、Double.PositiveInfinity和 Double.NegativeInfinity。

請注意，將某些數值型別的值轉換成 Double 值，可能涉及精確度遺失。 如範例所示，將 Decimal、Int64 和 UInt64 值轉換成 Double 值時，可能會遺失有效位數。

Double 值轉換為其他任何基本數值類型的值是縮小轉換，並且需要轉型運算子（在 C# 中）、轉換方法（在 Visual Basic 中）或方法呼叫 Convert。 目標數據類型範圍以外的值，這些值是由目標類型的 MinValue 和 MaxValue 屬性所定義，其行為如下表所示。

目標類型	結果
任何整數類型	如果轉換發生在已檢查的內容中，則為 OverflowException 例外狀況。 如果轉換發生在未核取的內容中（C# 中的預設值），轉換作業會成功，但值溢位。
Decimal	一個OverflowException例外。
Single	Single.NegativeInfinity 用於表示負值。 Single.PositiveInfinity 代表正值。

此外，Double.NaN、Double.PositiveInfinity和 Double.NegativeInfinity 會擲回 OverflowException，以便在已檢查的上下文中轉換成整數，但這些值在未檢查的上下文中轉換成整數時會溢位。 若要轉換成 Decimal，它們一律會拋出 OverflowException。 若要轉換成 Single，它們分別轉換成 Single.NaN、Single.PositiveInfinity和 Single.NegativeInfinity。

將Double值轉換為另一個數值類型可能會造成精確度的損失。 在將值轉換為任何整數型別時，如範例輸出所示，當 Double 值被四捨五入（如在 Visual Basic 中）或截斷（如在 C# 中），小數部分就會被捨去。 若要轉換成 Decimal 和 Single 值，值 Double 在目標數據類型中可能沒有精確的表示法。

下列範例會將一些 Double 值轉換成數個其他數值類型。 轉換發生在 Visual Basic 中已核取的內容中（預設值）、C# 中（因為 checked 關鍵詞），以及 F# 中（因為 Checked 模組）。 範例的輸出顯示在已檢查和未檢查環境中進行轉換的結果。 您可以在 Visual Basic 中未核取的內容中執行轉換，方法是使用 /removeintchecks+ 編譯程式參數、在 C# 中將 checked 語句批注化，並在 F# 中將 open Checked 語句批注化。

using System;

public class Example5
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double[] values = { Double.MinValue, -67890.1234, -12345.6789,
                          12345.6789, 67890.1234, Double.MaxValue,
                          Double.NaN, Double.PositiveInfinity,
                          Double.NegativeInfinity };
        checked
        {
            foreach (var value in values)
            {
                try
                {
                    Int64 lValue = (long)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {lValue} (0x{lValue:X16}) ({lValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to Int64.");
                }
                try
                {
                    UInt64 ulValue = (ulong)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {ulValue} (0x{ulValue:X16}) ({ulValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to UInt64.");
                }
                try
                {
                    Decimal dValue = (decimal)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dValue} ({dValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to Decimal.");
                }
                try
                {
                    Single sValue = (float)value;
                    Console.WriteLine($"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {sValue} ({sValue.GetType().Name})");
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"Unable to convert {value} to Single.");
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
            }
        }
    }
}
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in a checked context:
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -67890.1234 to UInt64.
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -12345.6789 to UInt64.
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in an unchecked context:
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> 18446744073709539271 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (UInt64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       NaN (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       NaN (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       Infinity (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -Infinity (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)

open System
open Checked

let values = 
    [| Double.MinValue; -67890.1234; -12345.6789
       12345.6789; 67890.1234; Double.MaxValue
       Double.NaN; Double.PositiveInfinity;
       Double.NegativeInfinity |]

for value in values do
    try
        let lValue = int64 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {lValue} (0x{lValue:X16}) ({lValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Int64."
    try
        let ulValue = uint64 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {ulValue} (0x{ulValue:X16}) ({ulValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to UInt64."
    try
        let dValue = decimal value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dValue} ({dValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Decimal."
    try
        let sValue = float32 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {sValue} ({sValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Single."
    printfn ""
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in a checked context:
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -67890.1234 to UInt64.
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -12345.6789 to UInt64.
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in an unchecked context:
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
//
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> 18446744073709539271 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (UInt64)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
//
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
//       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
//
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
//       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
//
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       NaN (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       NaN (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
//
//       Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       Infinity (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -Infinity (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)

Module Example6
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Double = {Double.MinValue, -67890.1234, -12345.6789,
                                 12345.6789, 67890.1234, Double.MaxValue,
                                 Double.NaN, Double.PositiveInfinity,
                                 Double.NegativeInfinity}
        For Each value In values
            Try
                Dim lValue As Int64 = CLng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               lValue, lValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Int64.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim ulValue As UInt64 = CULng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               ulValue, ulValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to UInt64.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim dValue As Decimal = CDec(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               dValue, dValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Decimal.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim sValue As Single = CSng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               sValue, sValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Single.", value)
            End Try
            Console.WriteLine()
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output for conversions performed
' in a checked context:
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
'
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
'       Unable to convert -67890.1234 to UInt64.
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
'
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12346 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (Int64)
'       Unable to convert -12345.6789 to UInt64.
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
'
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (Int64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (UInt64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
'
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Int64.
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
'       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
'       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
'       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
'       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
'       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
' The example displays the following output for conversions performed
' in an unchecked context:
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert -1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
'
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       -67890.1234 (Double) --> -67890.13 (Single)
'
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12346 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (Int64)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> 18446744073709539270 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (UInt64)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       -12345.6789 (Double) --> -12345.68 (Single)
'
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (Int64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (UInt64)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.6789 (Decimal)
'       12345.6789 (Double) --> 12345.68 (Single)
'
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.1234 (Decimal)
'       67890.1234 (Double) --> 67890.13 (Single)
'
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert 1.79769313486232E+308 to Decimal.
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       NaN (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       NaN (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
'       NaN (Double) --> NaN (Single)
'
'       Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       Infinity (Double) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
'       Infinity (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'
'       -Infinity (Double) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       -Infinity (Double) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
'       -Infinity (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)

如需數值型別轉換的詳細資訊，請參閱 .NET 中的 型別轉換和 類型轉換資料表。

浮點功能

結構和 Double 相關類型提供方法，以在下列區域中執行作業：

• 的值比較。 您可以呼叫 Equals 方法來判斷兩個 Double 值是否相等，或判斷兩個值之間的關聯性 CompareTo 方法。

  Double 結構也支援一組完整的比較運算符。 例如，您可以測試是否相等或不等，或判斷某個值是否大於或等於另一個值。 如果其中一個運算元是非 Double 的數值類型，在執行比較之前，會先將其轉換為 Double。

  警告

  由於精確度的差異，您預期相等的兩個 Double 值可能會不相等，這會影響比較的結果。 如需比較兩個 值的詳細資訊，請參閱 Double 一節。

  您也可以呼叫 IsNaN、IsInfinity、IsPositiveInfinity和 IsNegativeInfinity 方法來測試這些特殊值。

• 數學運算。 常見的算術運算，例如加法、減法、乘法和除法，都是由語言編譯程式和通用中繼語言 （CIL） 指令實作，而不是由 Double 方法實作。 如果數學運算中的其中一個運算元是非 Double 的數值類型，則會在執行運算之前轉換為 Double。 作業的結果也是值 Double 。

  您可以透過在 static 類別中呼叫 Shared 方法（在 Visual Basic 中為 System.Math）來執行其他數學運算。 它包含一些常用於算術的方法（例如 Math.Abs、Math.Sign 和 Math.Sqrt）、幾何（例如 Math.Cos 和 Math.Sin）以及微積分（例如 Math.Log）。

  您也可以操作 Double 值中的單個位元。 方法 BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits 會在 Double 64位整數中保留值的位模式。 BitConverter.GetBytes(Double) 方法會將其位元模式返回到位元組數列中。

• 四捨五入。 四捨五入通常用來作為減少浮點表示和精確度問題所造成值差異影響的技術。 您可以呼叫 Double 方法來四捨五入 Math.Round 值。

• 格式。 您可以將 Double 值轉換為其字串表示法，方法是呼叫 ToString 方法或使用複合格式功能。 為了瞭解格式字串如何控制浮點值的字串表示，請參閱標準數值格式字串和自訂數值格式字串。

• 解析字串。 您可以呼叫 Double 或 Parse 方法，將浮點值的字串表示轉換成TryParse值。 如果剖析作業失敗，Parse 方法會擲回例外狀況，而 TryParse 方法會傳回 false。

• 類型轉換。 Double 結構提供 IConvertible 介面的明確介面實作，可支援任何兩個標準 .NET 數據類型之間的轉換。 語言編譯程式也支援將所有其他標準數值類型的值隱含轉換成 Double 值。 將任何標準數字型別的值轉換為 Double 是一種擴大轉換，這不需要使用轉型運算符或轉換方法。

  不過，Int64 和 Single 值的轉換可能會導致精確度降低。 下表列出這些類型的精確度差異：

  類型	最大精度	內部精度
  Double	15	17
  Int64	19個十進位數	19個十進位數
  Single	7 個十進位數	9 個十進位數

  精確度問題最常影響的是 Single 值在轉換成 Double 值的過程中。 在下列範例中，相同除法運算所產生的兩個值不相等，因為其中一個值是轉換成 Double的單精度浮點值。

  using System;
  
  public class Example13
  {
      public static void Main()
      {
          Double value = .1;
          Double result1 = value * 10;
          Double result2 = 0;
          for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
              result2 += value;
  
          Console.WriteLine($".1 * 10:           {result1:R}");
          Console.WriteLine($".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}");
      }
  }
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       .1 * 10:           1
  //       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989
  

  let value = 0.1
  let result1 = value * 10.
  let mutable result2 = 0.
  for i = 1 to 10 do
      result2 <- result2 + value
  
  printfn $".1 * 10:           {result1:R}"
  printfn $".1 Added 10 times: {result2:R}"
  // The example displays the following output:
  //       .1 * 10:           1
  //       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989
  

  Module Example14
      Public Sub Main()
          Dim value As Double = 0.1
          Dim result1 As Double = value * 10
          Dim result2 As Double
          For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
              result2 += value
          Next
          Console.WriteLine(".1 * 10:           {0:R}", result1)
          Console.WriteLine(".1 Added 10 times: {0:R}", result2)
      End Sub
  End Module
  ' The example displays the following output:
  '       .1 * 10:           1
  '       .1 Added 10 times: 0.99999999999999989
  

範例

下列程式代碼範例說明 如何使用 Double：

// The Temperature class stores the temperature as a Double
// and delegates most of the functionality to the Double
// implementation.
public class Temperature : IComparable, IFormattable
{
    // IComparable.CompareTo implementation.
    public int CompareTo(object obj) {
        if (obj == null) return 1;

        Temperature temp = obj as Temperature;
        if (obj != null)
            return m_value.CompareTo(temp.m_value);
        else
            throw new ArgumentException("object is not a Temperature");	
    }

    // IFormattable.ToString implementation.
    public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider provider) {
        if( format != null ) {
            if( format.Equals("F") ) {
                return String.Format("{0}'F", this.Value.ToString());
            }
            if( format.Equals("C") ) {
                return String.Format("{0}'C", this.Celsius.ToString());
            }
        }

        return m_value.ToString(format, provider);
    }

    // Parses the temperature from a string in the form
    // [ws][sign]digits['F|'C][ws]
    public static Temperature Parse(string s, NumberStyles styles, IFormatProvider provider) {
        Temperature temp = new Temperature();

        if( s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith("'F") ) {
            temp.Value = Double.Parse( s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf('\''), 2), styles, provider);
        }
        else if( s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith("'C") ) {
            temp.Celsius = Double.Parse( s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf('\''), 2), styles, provider);
        }
        else {
            temp.Value = Double.Parse(s, styles, provider);
        }

        return temp;
    }

    // The value holder
    protected double m_value;

    public double Value {
        get {
            return m_value;
        }
        set {
            m_value = value;
        }
    }

    public double Celsius {
        get {
            return (m_value-32.0)/1.8;
        }
        set {
            m_value = 1.8*value+32.0;
        }
    }
}

// The Temperature class stores the temperature as a Double
// and delegates most of the functionality to the Double
// implementation.
type Temperature() =
    member val Value = 0. with get, set

    member this.Celsius
        with get () = (this.Value - 32.) / 1.8
        and set (value) =
            this.Value <- 1.8 * value + 32.

    // Parses the temperature from a string in the form
    // [ws][sign]digits['F|'C][ws]
    static member Parse(s: string, styles: NumberStyles, provider: IFormatProvider) =
        let temp = Temperature()

        if s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith "'F" then
            temp.Value <- Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf '\'', 2), styles, provider)
        elif s.TrimEnd(null).EndsWith "'C" then
            temp.Celsius <- Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf '\'', 2), styles, provider)
        else
            temp.Value <- Double.Parse(s, styles, provider)
        temp

    interface IComparable with
        // IComparable.CompareTo implementation.
        member this.CompareTo(obj: obj) =
            match obj with 
            | null -> 1
            | :? Temperature as temp ->
                this.Value.CompareTo temp.Value
            | _ ->
                invalidArg "obj" "object is not a Temperature"

    interface IFormattable with
        // IFormattable.ToString implementation.
        member this.ToString(format: string, provider: IFormatProvider) =
            match format with
            | "F" ->
                $"{this.Value}'F"
            | "C" ->
                $"{this.Celsius}'C"
            | _ ->
                this.Value.ToString(format, provider)

' Temperature class stores the value as Double
' and delegates most of the functionality 
' to the Double implementation.
Public Class Temperature
    Implements IComparable, IFormattable

    Public Overloads Function CompareTo(ByVal obj As Object) As Integer _
        Implements IComparable.CompareTo

        If TypeOf obj Is Temperature Then
            Dim temp As Temperature = CType(obj, Temperature)

            Return m_value.CompareTo(temp.m_value)
        End If

        Throw New ArgumentException("object is not a Temperature")
    End Function

    Public Overloads Function ToString(ByVal format As String, ByVal provider As IFormatProvider) As String _
        Implements IFormattable.ToString

        If Not (format Is Nothing) Then
            If format.Equals("F") Then
                Return [String].Format("{0}'F", Me.Value.ToString())
            End If
            If format.Equals("C") Then
                Return [String].Format("{0}'C", Me.Celsius.ToString())
            End If
        End If

        Return m_value.ToString(format, provider)
    End Function

    ' Parses the temperature from a string in form
    ' [ws][sign]digits['F|'C][ws]
    Public Shared Function Parse(ByVal s As String, ByVal styles As NumberStyles, ByVal provider As IFormatProvider) As Temperature
        Dim temp As New Temperature()

        If s.TrimEnd().EndsWith("'F") Then
            temp.Value = Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf("'"c), 2), styles, provider)
        Else
            If s.TrimEnd().EndsWith("'C") Then
                temp.Celsius = Double.Parse(s.Remove(s.LastIndexOf("'"c), 2), styles, provider)
            Else
                temp.Value = Double.Parse(s, styles, provider)
            End If
        End If
        Return temp
    End Function

    ' The value holder
    Protected m_value As Double

    Public Property Value() As Double
        Get
            Return m_value
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As Double)
            m_value = Value
        End Set
    End Property

    Public Property Celsius() As Double
        Get
            Return (m_value - 32) / 1.8
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As Double)
            m_value = Value * 1.8 + 32
        End Set
    End Property
End Class