System.Single 結構

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01/08/2024

本文提供此 API 參考文件的補充備註。

實 Single 值型別代表單精度 32 位數位，其值範圍從負 3.402823e38 到正 3.402823e38，以及正數或負零、 PositiveInfinity、、 NegativeInfinity而非數位（NaN）。它旨在代表極其大（如行星或星系之間的距離）或極小（如公斤中物質的分子品質），而且通常不精確（如從地球到另一個太陽系的距離）。此 Single 類型符合二進位浮點算術的 IEC 60559：1989 （IEEE 754）標準。

System.Single 提供比較這個型別實例的方法、將實例的值轉換為其字串表示，以及將數位的字串表示轉換成這個類型的實例。如需格式規格代碼如何控制實值型別字串表示的資訊，請參閱格式化類型、標準數值格式字串和自定義數值格式字串。

浮點表示法和精確度

Single資料類型會以 32 位二進位格式儲存單精度浮點值，如下表所示：

部分	Bits
Significand 或 mantissa	0-22
指數	23-30
符號（0 = 正數，1 = 負數）	31

如同小數分數無法精確表示某些小數值（例如 1/3 或 Math.PI），二進位分數無法代表某些小數值。例如，以 .2/10 精確表示的 2/10 是以小數點表示，以 .0011111001001100 表示為二進位分數，而模式 “1100” 會重複到無限大。在此情況下，浮點值會提供其所代表數位的不精確表示。對原始浮點值執行額外的數學運算，通常會增加其缺乏精確度。例如，如果您比較將 .3 乘以 10 的結果，並將 .3 加到 .3 九次，您會看到加法會產生較不精確的結果，因為它牽涉到比乘法多八個運算。請注意，只有當您使用「R」標準數值格式字串來顯示兩Single個值時，這個差異才明顯，如有必要，它會顯示類型所支援Single的所有 9 位數有效位數。

using System;

public class Example12
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Single value = .2f;
        Single result1 = value * 10f;
        Single result2 = 0f;
        for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
            result2 += value;

        Console.WriteLine(".2 * 10:           {0:R}", result1);
        Console.WriteLine(".2 Added 10 times: {0:R}", result2);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       .2 * 10:           2
//       .2 Added 10 times: 2.00000024

let value = 0.2f
let result1 = value * 10f
let mutable result2 = 0f
for _ = 1 to 10 do
    result2 <- result2 + value

printfn $".2 * 10:           {result1:R}"
printfn $".2 Added 10 times: {result2:R}"
// The example displays the following output:
//       .2 * 10:           2
//       .2 Added 10 times: 2.00000024

Module Example13
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value As Single = 0.2
        Dim result1 As Single = value * 10
        Dim result2 As Single
        For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
            result2 += value
        Next
        Console.WriteLine(".2 * 10:           {0:R}", result1)
        Console.WriteLine(".2 Added 10 times: {0:R}", result2)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       .2 * 10:           2
'       .2 Added 10 times: 2.00000024

由於某些數位不能完全表示為小數二進位值，浮點數只能近似實數。

所有浮點數都有有限的有效位數，這也決定浮點值對實數的近似程度。值 Single 最多可有 7 個小數位數的有效位數，但內部最多會維護 9 位數。這表示某些浮點運算可能缺少變更浮點值的精確度。下列範例會定義大型單精度浮點值，然後將的乘 Single.Epsilon 積和一個四分之一。不過，產品太小，無法修改原始浮點值。其最小有效位數為千分之一，而產品中最有效位數為 10-30。

using System;

public class Example13
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Single value = 123.456f;
        Single additional = Single.Epsilon * 1e15f;
        Console.WriteLine($"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//    123.456 + 1.401298E-30 = 123.456

open System

let value = 123.456f
let additional = Single.Epsilon * 1e15f
printfn $"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}"
// The example displays the following output:
//    123.456 + 1.401298E-30 = 123.456

Module Example
   Public Sub Main()
      Dim value As Single = 123.456
      Dim additional As Single = Single.Epsilon * 1e15
      Console.WriteLine($"{value} + {additional} = {value + additional}")
   End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'   123.456 + 1.401298E-30 = 123.456

浮點數的有限有效位數有數個後果：

對特定有效位數相等的兩個浮點數，可能因為它們的最低有效位數不同，而不相等。在下列範例中，一連串的數位會加在一起，而且其總計會與預期的總計進行比較。雖然這兩個值似乎相同，但對方法的 Equals 呼叫表示它們不是。

using System;

public class Example9
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Single[] values = { 10.01f, 2.88f, 2.88f, 2.88f, 9.0f };
        Single result = 27.65f;
        Single total = 0f;
        foreach (var value in values)
            total += value;

        if (total.Equals(result))
            Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values equals the total.");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values ({0}) does not equal the total ({1}).",
                              total, result);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//      The sum of the values (27.65) does not equal the total (27.65).   
//
// If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
// the example displays the following output:
//       The sum of the values (27.6500015) does not equal the total (27.65).

let values = [| 10.01f; 2.88f; 2.88f; 2.88f; 9f |]
let result = 27.65f
let mutable total = 0f
for value in values do
    total <- total + value

if total.Equals result then
    printfn "The sum of the values equals the total."
else
    printfn "The sum of the values ({total}) does not equal the total ({result})."
// The example displays the following output:
//      The sum of the values (27.65) does not equal the total (27.65).   
//
// If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
// the example displays the following output:
//       The sum of the values (27.6500015) does not equal the total (27.65).

Module Example10
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Single = {10.01, 2.88, 2.88, 2.88, 9.0}
        Dim result As Single = 27.65
        Dim total As Single
        For Each value In values
            total += value
        Next
        If total.Equals(result) Then
            Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values equals the total.")
        Else
            Console.WriteLine("The sum of the values ({0}) does not equal the total ({1}).",
                           total, result)
        End If
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'      The sum of the values (27.65) does not equal the total (27.65).   
'
' If the index items in the Console.WriteLine statement are changed to {0:R},
' the example displays the following output:
'       The sum of the values (27.639999999999997) does not equal the total (27.64).

如果您將語句中的 Console.WriteLine(String, Object, Object) 格式專案從 {0} 和 {1} 變更為 {0:R} ， {1:R} 並顯示這兩 Single 個值的所有有效位數，則很明顯，這兩個值在加法作業期間遺失有效位數而不相等。在此情況下，您可以藉由呼叫 Math.Round(Double, Int32) 方法來將值四捨五入 Single 至所需的精確度，再執行比較，以解決此問題。

如果使用十進位數，使用浮點數的數學或比較運算可能不會產生相同的結果，因為二進位浮點數可能不等於十進位數。上一個範例將 .3 乘以 10，並將 .3 新增至 .3 九倍，來說明這一點。

當具有小數值的數值作業精確度很重要時，請使用 Decimal 類型，而不是 Single 類型。當數值運算的精確度與整數值超出或 UInt64 類型的範圍Int64時，請使用 BigInteger 類型。

如果涉及浮點數，值可能不會來回。如果作業將原始浮點數轉換成另一種形式，反向運算會將轉換后的窗體轉換成浮點數，而最後的浮點數等於原始浮點數，則值會表示往返。來回行程可能會失敗，因為轉換中遺失或變更了一或多個最小有效位數。在下列範例中，三 Single 個值會轉換成字串，並儲存在檔案中。如輸出所示，雖然值看起來完全相同，但還原的值不等於原始值。

using System;
using System.IO;

public class Example10
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@".\Singles.dat");
        Single[] values = { 3.2f / 1.11f, 1.0f / 3f, (float)Math.PI };
        for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
        {
            sw.Write(values[ctr].ToString());
            if (ctr != values.Length - 1)
                sw.Write("|");
        }
        sw.Close();

        Single[] restoredValues = new Single[values.Length];
        StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(@".\Singles.dat");
        string temp = sr.ReadToEnd();
        string[] tempStrings = temp.Split('|');
        for (int ctr = 0; ctr < tempStrings.Length; ctr++)
            restoredValues[ctr] = Single.Parse(tempStrings[ctr]);

        for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} {2} {1}", values[ctr],
                              restoredValues[ctr],
                              values[ctr].Equals(restoredValues[ctr]) ? "=" : "<>");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       2.882883 <> 2.882883
//       0.3333333 <> 0.3333333
//       3.141593 <> 3.141593

open System
open System.IO

let values = [| 3.2f / 1.11f; 1f / 3f; MathF.PI |]

do
    use sw = new StreamWriter(@".\Singles.dat")
    for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
        sw.Write(string values[i])
        if i <> values.Length - 1 then
            sw.Write "|"

let restoredValues =
    use sr = new StreamReader(@".\Singles.dat")
    sr.ReadToEnd().Split '|'
    |> Array.map Single.Parse

for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
    printfn $"""{values[i]} {if values[i].Equals restoredValues[i] then "=" else "<>"} {restoredValues[i]}"""
                    
// The example displays the following output:
//       2.882883 <> 2.882883
//       0.3333333 <> 0.3333333
//       3.141593 <> 3.141593

Imports System.IO

Module Example11
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim sw As New StreamWriter(".\Singles.dat")
        Dim values() As Single = {3.2 / 1.11, 1.0 / 3, CSng(Math.PI)}
        For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
            sw.Write(values(ctr).ToString())
            If ctr <> values.Length - 1 Then sw.Write("|")
        Next
        sw.Close()

        Dim restoredValues(values.Length - 1) As Single
        Dim sr As New StreamReader(".\Singles.dat")
        Dim temp As String = sr.ReadToEnd()
        Dim tempStrings() As String = temp.Split("|"c)
        For ctr As Integer = 0 To tempStrings.Length - 1
            restoredValues(ctr) = Single.Parse(tempStrings(ctr))
        Next

        For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
            Console.WriteLine("{0} {2} {1}", values(ctr),
                           restoredValues(ctr),
                           If(values(ctr).Equals(restoredValues(ctr)), "=", "<>"))
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'        2.882883 <> 2.882883
'        0.3333333 <> 0.3333333
'        3.141593 <> 3.141593

在此情況下，可以使用「G9」標準數值格式字串來成功四捨五入，以保留值的完整有效位數 Single ，如下列範例所示。

using System;
using System.IO;

public class Example11
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@".\Singles.dat");
        Single[] values = { 3.2f / 1.11f, 1.0f / 3f, (float)Math.PI };
        for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
            sw.Write("{0:G9}{1}", values[ctr], ctr < values.Length - 1 ? "|" : "");

        sw.Close();

        Single[] restoredValues = new Single[values.Length];
        StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(@".\Singles.dat");
        string temp = sr.ReadToEnd();
        string[] tempStrings = temp.Split('|');
        for (int ctr = 0; ctr < tempStrings.Length; ctr++)
            restoredValues[ctr] = Single.Parse(tempStrings[ctr]);

        for (int ctr = 0; ctr < values.Length; ctr++)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} {2} {1}", values[ctr],
                              restoredValues[ctr],
                              values[ctr].Equals(restoredValues[ctr]) ? "=" : "<>");
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       2.882883 = 2.882883
//       0.3333333 = 0.3333333
//       3.141593 = 3.141593

open System
open System.IO

let values = [| 3.2f / 1.11f; 1f / 3f; MathF.PI |]

do
    use sw = new StreamWriter(@".\Singles.dat")
    for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
        sw.Write $"""{values[i]:G9}{if i < values.Length - 1 then "|" else ""}"""
    
    
let restoredValues =
    use sr = new StreamReader(@".\Singles.dat")
    sr.ReadToEnd().Split '|'
    |> Array.map Single.Parse

for i = 0 to values.Length - 1 do
    printfn $"""{values[i]} {if values[i].Equals restoredValues[i] then "=" else "<>"} {restoredValues[i]}"""
// The example displays the following output:
//       2.882883 = 2.882883
//       0.3333333 = 0.3333333
//       3.141593 = 3.141593

Imports System.IO

Module Example12
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim sw As New StreamWriter(".\Singles.dat")
        Dim values() As Single = {3.2 / 1.11, 1.0 / 3, CSng(Math.PI)}
        For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
            sw.Write("{0:G9}{1}", values(ctr),
                  If(ctr < values.Length - 1, "|", ""))
        Next
        sw.Close()

        Dim restoredValues(values.Length - 1) As Single
        Dim sr As New StreamReader(".\Singles.dat")
        Dim temp As String = sr.ReadToEnd()
        Dim tempStrings() As String = temp.Split("|"c)
        For ctr As Integer = 0 To tempStrings.Length - 1
            restoredValues(ctr) = Single.Parse(tempStrings(ctr))
        Next

        For ctr As Integer = 0 To values.Length - 1
            Console.WriteLine("{0} {2} {1}", values(ctr),
                           restoredValues(ctr),
                           If(values(ctr).Equals(restoredValues(ctr)), "=", "<>"))
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       2.882883 = 2.882883
'       0.3333333 = 0.3333333
'       3.141593 = 3.141593

Single 值的有效位數小於 Double 值。 Single轉換成看似相等Double的值通常不等於Double值，因為精確度的差異。在下列範例中，相同的除法運算結果會指派給 Double 值和 Single 值。將 Single 值轉換成 Double之後，兩個值的比較會顯示它們不相等。

using System;

public class Example9
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double value1 = 1 / 3.0;
        Single sValue2 = 1 / 3.0f;
        Double value2 = (Double)sValue2;
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2,
                                            value1.Equals(value2));
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False

open System

let value1 = 1. / 3.
let sValue2 = 1f /3f

let value2 = double sValue2
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False

Module Example10
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Double = 1 / 3
        Dim sValue2 As Single = 1 / 3
        Dim value2 As Double = CDbl(sValue2)
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False

若要避免這個問題，請使用 Double 數據類型取代 Single 數據類型，或使用 Round 方法，讓兩個值具有相同的有效位數。

測試是否相等

若要視為相等，兩個 Single 值必須代表相同的值。不過，由於值之間的有效位數差異，或因為一或兩個值遺失有效位數，預期完全相同的浮點值通常會因為其最小有效位數的差異而不相等。因此，呼叫 Equals 方法以判斷兩個值是否相等，或呼叫 CompareTo 方法以判斷兩 Single 個值之間的關聯性，通常會產生非預期的結果。這在下列範例中很明顯，其中兩個明顯相等的值結果不相等 Single ，因為第一個值有 7 位數的有效位數，而第二個值則有 9。

using System;

public class Example
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      float value1 = .3333333f;
      float value2 = 1.0f/3;
      Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2));
   }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.3333333 = 0.333333343: False

let value1 = 0.3333333f
let value2 = 1f / 3f
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.3333333 = 0.333333343: False

Module Example1
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Single = 0.3333333
        Dim value2 As Single = 1 / 3
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0.3333333 = 0.333333343: False

遵循不同程式代碼路徑且以不同方式操作的導出值通常會證明不相等。在下列範例中，一個 Single 值是平方，然後計算平方根來還原原始值。第二個 Single 乘以 3.51，並在結果的平方根除以 3.51 以還原原始值之前。雖然這兩個值看起來完全相同，但對方法的 Equals(Single) 呼叫表示它們不相等。使用「G9」標準格式字串傳回結果字串，其中顯示每個 Single 值的所有有效位數都顯示第二個值小於第一個值。0000000000001小於第一個值。

using System;

public class Example1
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        float value1 = 10.201438f;
        value1 = (float)Math.Sqrt((float)Math.Pow(value1, 2));
        float value2 = (float)Math.Pow((float)value1 * 3.51f, 2);
        value2 = ((float)Math.Sqrt(value2)) / 3.51f;
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}\n",
                          value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2));
        Console.WriteLine("{0:G9} = {1:G9}", value1, value2);
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       10.20144 = 10.20144: False
//       
//       10.201438 = 10.2014389

let value1 = 
    10.201438f ** 2f
    |> sqrt

let value2 =
   ((value1 * 3.51f) ** 2f |> sqrt) / 3.51f

printfn $"{value1} = {value2}: {value1.Equals value2}\n" 
printfn $"{value1:G9} = {value2:G9}"
// The example displays the following output:
//       10.20144 = 10.20144: False
//       
//       10.201438 = 10.2014389

Module Example2
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Single = 10.201438
        value1 = CSng(Math.Sqrt(CSng(Math.Pow(value1, 2))))
        Dim value2 As Single = CSng(Math.Pow(value1 * CSng(3.51), 2))
        value2 = CSng(Math.Sqrt(value2) / CSng(3.51))
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}",
                        value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
        Console.WriteLine()
        Console.WriteLine("{0:G9} = {1:G9}", value1, value2)
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       10.20144 = 10.20144: False
'       
'       10.201438 = 10.2014389

如果遺失精確度可能會影響比較的結果，您可以使用下列技術，而不是呼叫 Equals 或 CompareTo 方法：

Math.Round呼叫方法，以確保這兩個值具有相同的有效位數。下列範例會修改先前的範例，以使用此方法，讓兩個小數值相等。

using System;

public class Example2
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        float value1 = .3333333f;
        float value2 = 1.0f / 3;
        int precision = 7;
        value1 = (float)Math.Round(value1, precision);
        value2 = (float)Math.Round(value2, precision);
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2));
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True

open System

let value1 = 0.3333333f
let value2 = 1f / 3f
let precision = 7
let value1r = Math.Round(float value1, precision) |> float32
let value2r = Math.Round(float value2, precision) |> float32
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True

Module Example3
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Single = 0.3333333
        Dim value2 As Single = 1 / 3
        Dim precision As Integer = 7
        value1 = CSng(Math.Round(value1, precision))
        value2 = CSng(Math.Round(value2, precision))
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0.3333333 = 0.3333333: True

精確度問題仍適用於中間點值的四捨五入。如需詳細資訊，請參閱 Math.Round(Double, Int32, MidpointRounding) 方法。

測試近似相等，而不是相等。這項技術需要您定義兩個值可以相差但仍然相等的絕對量，或定義較小的值可以從較大值中除以的相對量。

警告

Single.Epsilon 在測試是否相等時，有時會當做兩 Single 個值之間距離的絕對量值使用。不過， Single.Epsilon 測量可加入或減去的最小可能值， Single 其值為零的。對於大部分的正值和負 Single 值，的值 Single.Epsilon 太小而無法偵測。因此，除了值為零的值之外，我們不建議在測試中使用是否相等。

下列範例會使用後者方法來定義方法，以測試兩個 IsApproximatelyEqual 值之間的相對差異。它也會對比對 IsApproximatelyEqual 方法和 Equals(Single) 方法的呼叫結果。

using System;

public class Example3
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        float one1 = .1f * 10;
        float one2 = 0f;
        for (int ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)
            one2 += .1f;

        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", one1, one2, one1.Equals(one2));
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} is approximately equal to {1:R}: {2}",
                          one1, one2,
                          IsApproximatelyEqual(one1, one2, .000001f));
    }

    static bool IsApproximatelyEqual(float value1, float value2, float epsilon)
    {
        // If they are equal anyway, just return True.
        if (value1.Equals(value2))
            return true;

        // Handle NaN, Infinity.
        if (Double.IsInfinity(value1) | Double.IsNaN(value1))
            return value1.Equals(value2);
        else if (Double.IsInfinity(value2) | Double.IsNaN(value2))
            return value1.Equals(value2);

        // Handle zero to avoid division by zero
        double divisor = Math.Max(value1, value2);
        if (divisor.Equals(0))
            divisor = Math.Min(value1, value2);

        return Math.Abs(value1 - value2) / divisor <= epsilon;
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       1 = 1.00000012: False
//       1 is approximately equal to 1.00000012: True

open System

let isApproximatelyEqual value1 value2 epsilon =
    // If they are equal anyway, just return True.
    if value1.Equals value2 then 
        true
    // Handle NaN, Infinity.
    elif Single.IsInfinity value1 || Single.IsNaN value1 then
        value1.Equals value2
    elif Single.IsInfinity value2 || Single.IsNaN value2 then
        value1.Equals value2
    else
        // Handle zero to avoid division by zero
        let divisor = max value1 value2
        let divisor = 
            if divisor.Equals 0 then
                min value1 value2
            else divisor
        abs (value1 - value2) / divisor <= epsilon           


let one1 = 0.1f * 10f
let mutable one2 = 0f
for _ = 1 to 10 do
   one2 <- one2 + 0.1f

printfn $"{one1:R} = {one2:R}: {one1.Equals one2}"
printfn $"{one1:R} is approximately equal to {one2:R}: {isApproximatelyEqual one1 one2 0.000001f}" 
// The example displays the following output:
//       1 = 1.00000012: False
//       1 is approximately equal to 1.00000012: True

Module Example4
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim one1 As Single = 0.1 * 10
        Dim one2 As Single = 0
        For ctr As Integer = 1 To 10
            one2 += CSng(0.1)
        Next
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", one1, one2, one1.Equals(one2))
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} is approximately equal to {1:R}: {2}",
                        one1, one2,
                        IsApproximatelyEqual(one1, one2, 0.000001))
    End Sub

    Function IsApproximatelyEqual(value1 As Single, value2 As Single,
                                 epsilon As Single) As Boolean
        ' If they are equal anyway, just return True.
        If value1.Equals(value2) Then Return True

        ' Handle NaN, Infinity.
        If Single.IsInfinity(value1) Or Single.IsNaN(value1) Then
            Return value1.Equals(value2)
        ElseIf Single.IsInfinity(value2) Or Single.IsNaN(value2) Then
            Return value1.Equals(value2)
        End If

        ' Handle zero to avoid division by zero
        Dim divisor As Single = Math.Max(value1, value2)
        If divisor.Equals(0) Then
            divisor = Math.Min(value1, value2)
        End If

        Return Math.Abs(value1 - value2) / divisor <= epsilon
    End Function
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       1 = 1.00000012: False
'       1 is approximately equal to 1.00000012: True

浮點值和例外狀況

具有浮點值的作業不會擲回例外狀況，與整數類型的作業不同，這會在除以零或溢位等不合法的作業時擲回例外狀況。相反地，在這些情況下，浮點運算的結果為零、正無限大、負無限大，或不是數位（NaN）：

如果浮點運算的結果對目的格式而言太小，則結果為零。當兩個非常小的浮點數相乘時，就會發生這種情況，如下列範例所示。

using System;

public class Example6
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        float value1 = 1.163287e-36f;
        float value2 = 9.164234e-25f;
        float result = value1 * value2;
        Console.WriteLine("{0} * {1} = {2}", value1, value2, result);
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = 0: {1}", result, result.Equals(0.0f));
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       1.163287E-36 * 9.164234E-25 = 0
//       0 = 0: True

let value1 = 1.163287e-36f
let value2 = 9.164234e-25f
let result = value1 * value2
printfn $"{value1} * {value2} = {result}"
printfn $"{result} = 0: {result.Equals(0f)}"
// The example displays the following output:
//       1.163287E-36 * 9.164234E-25 = 0
//       0 = 0: True

Module Example7
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Single = 1.163287E-36
        Dim value2 As Single = 9.164234E-25
        Dim result As Single = value1 * value2
        Console.WriteLine("{0} * {1} = {2:R}", value1, value2, result)
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = 0: {1}", result, result.Equals(0))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       1.163287E-36 * 9.164234E-25 = 0
'       0 = 0: True

如果浮點運算的結果大小超過目的格式的範圍，則作業的結果會 PositiveInfinity 是或 NegativeInfinity，適合結果的正負號。溢位作業的結果為 PositiveInfinity，而溢位Single.MaxValue Single.MinValue作業的結果為 NegativeInfinity，如下列範例所示。

using System;

public class Example7
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        float value1 = 3.065e35f;
        float value2 = 6.9375e32f;
        float result = value1 * value2;
        Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                           Single.IsPositiveInfinity(result));
        Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}\n",
                          Single.IsNegativeInfinity(result));

        value1 = -value1;
        result = value1 * value2;
        Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                           Single.IsPositiveInfinity(result));
        Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                          Single.IsNegativeInfinity(result));
    }
}

// The example displays the following output:
//       PositiveInfinity: True
//       NegativeInfinity: False
//       
//       PositiveInfinity: False
//       NegativeInfinity: True

open System

let value1 = 3.065e35f
let value2 = 6.9375e32f
let result = value1 * value2
printfn $"PositiveInfinity: {Single.IsPositiveInfinity result}" 
printfn $"NegativeInfinity: {Single.IsNegativeInfinity result}\n"

let value3 = -value1
let result2 = value3 * value2
printfn $"PositiveInfinity: {Single.IsPositiveInfinity result}" 
printfn $"NegativeInfinity: {Single.IsNegativeInfinity result}" 

// The example displays the following output:
//       PositiveInfinity: True
//       NegativeInfinity: False
//       
//       PositiveInfinity: False
//       NegativeInfinity: True

Module Example8
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Single = 3.065E+35
        Dim value2 As Single = 6.9375E+32
        Dim result As Single = value1 * value2
        Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                         Single.IsPositiveInfinity(result))
        Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                        Single.IsNegativeInfinity(result))
        Console.WriteLine()
        value1 = -value1
        result = value1 * value2
        Console.WriteLine("PositiveInfinity: {0}",
                         Single.IsPositiveInfinity(result))
        Console.WriteLine("NegativeInfinity: {0}",
                        Single.IsNegativeInfinity(result))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       PositiveInfinity: True
'       NegativeInfinity: False
'       
'       PositiveInfinity: False
'       NegativeInfinity: True

PositiveInfinity 此外，除數為零且正紅利， NegativeInfinity 而除數為零則負除數。

如果浮點運算無效，則作業的結果為 NaN。例如， NaN 下列作業的結果：
- 除以零除法，除數為零。請注意，除以零的其他案例會導致 PositiveInfinity 或 NegativeInfinity。
- 任何具有無效輸入的浮點運算。例如，嘗試尋找負值的平方根會 NaN傳回。
- 具有其值為 Single.NaN之自變數的任何作業。

類型轉換

結構 Single 不會定義任何明確或隱含轉換運算元，而是由編譯程式實作轉換。

下表列出其他基本數值型 Single 別值可能轉換成值的可能性，它也指出轉換是否正在擴大或縮小，以及產生的 Single 精確度是否可能小於原始值。

從	擴大/縮小	可能遺失有效位數
Byte	Widening	No
Decimal	Widening 請注意，C# 需要轉換運算元。	是。 Decimal 支援29個有效位數的十進位數; Single 支援 9。
Double	縮小;超出範圍的值會轉換成 Double.NegativeInfinity 或 Double.PositiveInfinity。	是。 Double 支援17位數的有效位數; Single 支援 9。
Int16	Widening	No
Int32	Widening	是。 Int32 支援10個有效位數的十進位數; Single 支援 9。
Int64	Widening	是。 Int64 支援19個有效位數的十進位數; Single 支援 9。
SByte	Widening	No
UInt16	Widening	No
UInt32	Widening	是。 UInt32 支援10個有效位數的十進位數; Single 支援 9。
UInt64	Widening	是。 Int64 支援20個有效位數的十進位數; Single 支援 9。

下列範例會將其他基本數值類型的最小值或最大值轉換為 Single 值。

using System;

public class Example4
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        dynamic[] values = { Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, Decimal.MinValue,
                           Decimal.MaxValue, Double.MinValue, Double.MaxValue,
                           Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue, Int32.MinValue,
                           Int32.MaxValue, Int64.MinValue, Int64.MaxValue,
                           SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue, UInt16.MinValue,
                           UInt16.MaxValue, UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue,
                           UInt64.MinValue, UInt64.MaxValue };
        float sngValue;
        foreach (var value in values)
        {
            if (value.GetType() == typeof(Decimal) ||
                value.GetType() == typeof(Double))
                sngValue = (float)value;
            else
                sngValue = value;
            Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2:R} ({3})",
                              value, value.GetType().Name,
                              sngValue, sngValue.GetType().Name);
        }
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//       0 (Byte) --> 0 (Single)
//       255 (Byte) --> 255 (Single)
//       -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.92281625E+28 (Single)
//       79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.92281625E+28 (Single)
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//       -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Single)
//       32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Single)
//       -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2.14748365E+09 (Single)
//       2147483647 (Int32) --> 2.14748365E+09 (Single)
//       -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.223372E+18 (Single)
//       9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.223372E+18 (Single)
//       -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Single)
//       127 (SByte) --> 127 (Single)
//       0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Single)
//       65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Single)
//       0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Single)
//       4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4.2949673E+09 (Single)
//       0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Single)
//       18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.84467441E+19 (Single)

open System

let values: obj list = 
    [ Byte.MinValue; Byte.MaxValue; Decimal.MinValue
      Decimal.MaxValue; Double.MinValue; Double.MaxValue
      Int16.MinValue; Int16.MaxValue; Int32.MinValue
      Int32.MaxValue; Int64.MinValue; Int64.MaxValue
      SByte.MinValue; SByte.MaxValue; UInt16.MinValue
      UInt16.MaxValue; UInt32.MinValue; UInt32.MaxValue
      UInt64.MinValue; UInt64.MaxValue ]

for value in values do
    let sngValue = 
        match value with
        | :? byte as v -> float32 v
        | :? decimal as v -> float32 v
        | :? double as v -> float32 v
        | :? int16 as v -> float32 v
        | :? int as v -> float32 v
        | :? int64 as v -> float32 v
        | :? int8 as v -> float32 v
        | :? uint16 as v -> float32 v
        | :? uint as v -> float32 v
        | :? uint64 as v -> float32 v
        | _ -> raise (NotImplementedException "Unknown Type")
    printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {sngValue:R} ({sngValue.GetType().Name})"
// The example displays the following output:
//       0 (Byte) --> 0 (Single)
//       255 (Byte) --> 255 (Single)
//       -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.92281625E+28 (Single)
//       79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.92281625E+28 (Single)
//       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
//       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
//       -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Single)
//       32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Single)
//       -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2.14748365E+09 (Single)
//       2147483647 (Int32) --> 2.14748365E+09 (Single)
//       -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.223372E+18 (Single)
//       9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.223372E+18 (Single)
//       -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Single)
//       127 (SByte) --> 127 (Single)
//       0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Single)
//       65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Single)
//       0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Single)
//       4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4.2949673E+09 (Single)
//       0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Single)
//       18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.84467441E+19 (Single)

Module Example5
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Object = {Byte.MinValue, Byte.MaxValue, Decimal.MinValue,
                                 Decimal.MaxValue, Double.MinValue, Double.MaxValue,
                                 Int16.MinValue, Int16.MaxValue, Int32.MinValue,
                                 Int32.MaxValue, Int64.MinValue, Int64.MaxValue,
                                 SByte.MinValue, SByte.MaxValue, UInt16.MinValue,
                                 UInt16.MaxValue, UInt32.MinValue, UInt32.MaxValue,
                                 UInt64.MinValue, UInt64.MaxValue}
        Dim sngValue As Single
        For Each value In values
            If value.GetType() = GetType(Double) Then
                sngValue = CSng(value)
            Else
                sngValue = value
            End If
            Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2:R} ({3})",
                           value, value.GetType().Name,
                           sngValue, sngValue.GetType().Name)
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0 (Byte) --> 0 (Single)
'       255 (Byte) --> 255 (Single)
'       -79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> -7.92281625E+28 (Single)
'       79228162514264337593543950335 (Decimal) --> 7.92281625E+28 (Single)
'       -1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> -Infinity (Single)
'       1.79769313486232E+308 (Double) --> Infinity (Single)
'       -32768 (Int16) --> -32768 (Single)
'       32767 (Int16) --> 32767 (Single)
'       -2147483648 (Int32) --> -2.14748365E+09 (Single)
'       2147483647 (Int32) --> 2.14748365E+09 (Single)
'       -9223372036854775808 (Int64) --> -9.223372E+18 (Single)
'       9223372036854775807 (Int64) --> 9.223372E+18 (Single)
'       -128 (SByte) --> -128 (Single)
'       127 (SByte) --> 127 (Single)
'       0 (UInt16) --> 0 (Single)
'       65535 (UInt16) --> 65535 (Single)
'       0 (UInt32) --> 0 (Single)
'       4294967295 (UInt32) --> 4.2949673E+09 (Single)
'       0 (UInt64) --> 0 (Single)
'       18446744073709551615 (UInt64) --> 1.84467441E+19 (Single)

此外，Double、和 Double.NegativeInfinity 的值Double.NaN Double.PositiveInfinity會分別轉換成 Single.NaN、Single.PositiveInfinity、和 Single.NegativeInfinity。

請注意，將某些數值型 Single 別的值轉換成值，可能涉及精確度遺失。如範例所示，將、、、、、和值轉換成Decimal值時，可能會遺失有效位數Single Int32。 UInt64 UInt32 Int64 Double

將值Double轉換成 Single 是擴大轉換。如果類型沒有值的精確表示Single法，Double轉換可能會導致精確度遺失。

將值轉換成 Single 非 Double 任何基本數值數據類型的值是縮小轉換，而且需要轉換運算元（在 C#中）或轉換方法（在 Visual Basic 中）。超出目標數據類型範圍的值，這些數據類型是由目標類型的 MinValue 和 MaxValue 屬性所定義，其行為如下表所示。

目標類型	結果
任何整數類型	OverflowException如果轉換發生在已檢查的內容中，則為例外狀況。如果轉換發生在未核取的內容中（C# 中的預設值），轉換作業會成功，但值溢位。
Decimal	例外 OverflowException 狀況

此外， Single.NaN、 Single.PositiveInfinity和會 Single.NegativeInfinity 擲回 OverflowException ，以便轉換成已檢查內容中的整數，但是當轉換成未核取內容中的整數時，這些值會溢位。若要將轉換成 Decimal，它們一律會擲回 OverflowException。轉換成 Double，它們分別轉換成 Double.NaN、 Double.PositiveInfinity與 Double.NegativeInfinity。

請注意，精確度的遺失可能會導致將值轉換成 Single 另一個數值類型。在轉換非整數 Single 值的情況下，如範例的輸出所示，當 Single 值四捨五入（如 Visual Basic 中所示）或截斷時，小數元件會遺失（如 C# 和 F# 所示）。若要轉換成 Decimal 值， Single 值在目標數據類型中可能沒有精確的表示法。

下列範例會將一些 Single 值轉換成數個其他數值類型。轉換發生在 Visual Basic 中已核取的內容中（預設值）、C# 中（因為 checked 關鍵詞），以及 F# 中（因為語句）。open Checked 範例的輸出會顯示已核取未核取內容中轉換的結果。您可以在 Visual Basic 中未核取的內容中執行轉換，方法是使用/removeintchecks+編譯程式參數進行編譯、在 C# 中將語句批注化，並在 F# 中將語句批注checkedopen Checked化。

using System;

public class Example5
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        float[] values = { Single.MinValue, -67890.1234f, -12345.6789f,
                         12345.6789f, 67890.1234f, Single.MaxValue,
                         Single.NaN, Single.PositiveInfinity,
                         Single.NegativeInfinity };
        checked
        {
            foreach (var value in values)
            {
                try
                {
                    Int64 lValue = (long)value;
                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                                      value, value.GetType().Name,
                                      lValue, lValue.GetType().Name);
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Int64.", value);
                }
                try
                {
                    UInt64 ulValue = (ulong)value;
                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                                      value, value.GetType().Name,
                                      ulValue, ulValue.GetType().Name);
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to UInt64.", value);
                }
                try
                {
                    Decimal dValue = (decimal)value;
                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                                      value, value.GetType().Name,
                                      dValue, dValue.GetType().Name);
                }
                catch (OverflowException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Decimal.", value);
                }

                Double dblValue = value;
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                                  value, value.GetType().Name,
                                  dblValue, dblValue.GetType().Name);
                Console.WriteLine();
            }
        }
    }
}
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in a checked context:
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -67890.13 to UInt64.
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.12 (Decimal)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.125 (Double)
//
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -12345.68 to UInt64.
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.68 (Decimal)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.68 (Decimal)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.12 (Decimal)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.125 (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Single) --> NaN (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Single) --> Infinity (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Single) --> -Infinity (Double)
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in an unchecked context:
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.12 (Decimal)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.125 (Double)
//
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> 18446744073709539271 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (UInt64)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.68 (Decimal)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.68 (Decimal)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.12 (Decimal)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.125 (Double)
//
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       NaN (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       NaN (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Single) --> NaN (Double)
//
//       Infinity (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       Infinity (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Single) --> Infinity (Double)
//
//       -Infinity (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -Infinity (Single) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Single) --> -Infinity (Double)

open System
open Checked

let values = 
    [ Single.MinValue; -67890.1234f; -12345.6789f
      12345.6789f; 67890.1234f; Single.MaxValue
      Single.NaN; Single.PositiveInfinity
      Single.NegativeInfinity ]

for value in values do
    try
        let lValue = int64 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {lValue} (0x{lValue:X16}) ({lValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Int64."
    try
        let ulValue = uint64 value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {ulValue} (0x{ulValue:X16}) ({ulValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to UInt64."
    try
        let dValue = decimal value
        printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dValue} ({dValue.GetType().Name})"
    with :? OverflowException ->
        printfn $"Unable to convert {value} to Decimal."

    let dblValue = double value
    printfn $"{value} ({value.GetType().Name}) --> {dblValue} ({dblValue.GetType().Name})\n"
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in a checked context:
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -67890.13 to UInt64.
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.12 (Decimal)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.125 (Double)
//
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       Unable to convert -12345.68 to UInt64.
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.68 (Decimal)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.68 (Decimal)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.12 (Decimal)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.125 (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Int64.
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Single) --> NaN (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Single) --> Infinity (Double)
//
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Single) --> -Infinity (Double)
// The example displays the following output for conversions performed
// in an unchecked context:
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.12 (Decimal)
//       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.125 (Double)
//
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (Int64)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> 18446744073709539271 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC7) (UInt64)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.68 (Decimal)
//       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (Int64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345 (0x0000000000003039) (UInt64)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.68 (Decimal)
//       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.6787109375 (Double)
//
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.12 (Decimal)
//       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.125 (Double)
//
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
//       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
//
//       NaN (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       NaN (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
//       NaN (Single) --> NaN (Double)
//
//       Infinity (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       Infinity (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
//       Infinity (Single) --> Infinity (Double)
//
//       -Infinity (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
//       -Infinity (Single) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
//       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
//       -Infinity (Single) --> -Infinity (Double)

Module Example6
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim values() As Single = {Single.MinValue, -67890.1234, -12345.6789,
                                 12345.6789, 67890.1234, Single.MaxValue,
                                 Single.NaN, Single.PositiveInfinity,
                                 Single.NegativeInfinity}
        For Each value In values
            Try
                Dim lValue As Long = CLng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               lValue, lValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Int64.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim ulValue As UInt64 = CULng(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} (0x{2:X16}) ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               ulValue, ulValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to UInt64.", value)
            End Try
            Try
                Dim dValue As Decimal = CDec(value)
                Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                               value, value.GetType().Name,
                               dValue, dValue.GetType().Name)
            Catch e As OverflowException
                Console.WriteLine("Unable to convert {0} to Decimal.", value)
            End Try

            Dim dblValue As Double = value
            Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1}) --> {2} ({3})",
                           value, value.GetType().Name,
                           dblValue, dblValue.GetType().Name)
            Console.WriteLine()
        Next
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output for conversions performed
' in a checked context:
'       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Int64.
'       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
'       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
'
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
'       Unable to convert -67890.13 to UInt64.
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.12 (Decimal)
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.125 (Double)
'
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12346 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (Int64)
'       Unable to convert -12345.68 to UInt64.
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.68 (Decimal)
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.6787109375 (Double)
'
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (Int64)
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (UInt64)
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.68 (Decimal)
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.6787109375 (Double)
'
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.12 (Decimal)
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.125 (Double)
'
'       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Int64.
'       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
'       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
'
'       Unable to convert NaN to Int64.
'       Unable to convert NaN to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
'       NaN (Single) --> NaN (Double)
'
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Int64.
'       Unable to convert Infinity to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
'       Infinity (Single) --> Infinity (Double)
'
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Int64.
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to UInt64.
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
'       -Infinity (Single) --> -Infinity (Double)
' The example displays the following output for conversions performed
' in an unchecked context:
'       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert -3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
'       -3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
'
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (Int64)
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> 18446744073709483726 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFEF6CE) (UInt64)
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.12 (Decimal)
'       -67890.13 (Single) --> -67890.125 (Double)
'
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12346 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (Int64)
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> 18446744073709539270 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFCFC6) (UInt64)
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.68 (Decimal)
'       -12345.68 (Single) --> -12345.6787109375 (Double)
'
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (Int64)
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12346 (0x000000000000303A) (UInt64)
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.68 (Decimal)
'       12345.68 (Single) --> 12345.6787109375 (Double)
'
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (Int64)
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890 (0x0000000000010932) (UInt64)
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.12 (Decimal)
'       67890.13 (Single) --> 67890.125 (Double)
'
'       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert 3.402823E+38 to Decimal.
'       3.402823E+38 (Single) --> 3.40282346638529E+38 (Double)
'
'       NaN (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       NaN (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert NaN to Decimal.
'       NaN (Single) --> NaN (Double)
'
'       Infinity (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       Infinity (Single) --> 0 (0x0000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert Infinity to Decimal.
'       Infinity (Single) --> Infinity (Double)
'
'       -Infinity (Single) --> -9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (Int64)
'       -Infinity (Single) --> 9223372036854775808 (0x8000000000000000) (UInt64)
'       Unable to convert -Infinity to Decimal.
'       -Infinity (Single) --> -Infinity (Double)

如需數值類型轉換的詳細資訊，請參閱 .NET 中的類型轉換和類型轉換數據表。

浮點功能

結構和 Single 相關類型提供方法來執行下列作業類別：

值的比較。您可以呼叫 Equals 方法來判斷兩個 Single 值是否相等，或 CompareTo 判斷兩個值之間的關聯性的方法。

結構 Single 也支援一組完整的比較運算符。例如，您可以測試是否相等或不等，或判斷某個值是否大於或等於另一個值。如果其中一個操作數是 Double，則 Single 值會在執行比較之前轉換為 Double 。如果其中一個操作數是整數型別，則會先 Single 轉換成，再執行比較。雖然這些轉換正在擴大，但它們可能涉及精確度的遺失。

警告

由於精確度的差異，您預期相等的兩 Single 個值可能會不相等，這會影響比較的結果。如需比較兩個 Single值的詳細資訊，請參閱測試是否相等一節。

您也可以呼叫 IsNaN、 IsInfinity、 IsPositiveInfinity和 IsNegativeInfinity 方法來測試這些特殊值。
數學運算。一般算術運算，例如加法、減法、乘法和除法，都是由語言編譯程式和 Common Intermediate Language （CIL）指令實作，而不是由 Single 方法實作。如果數學運算中的其他操作數是 Double，則會 Single 在執行作業之前轉換成 Double ，而作業的結果也是 Double 值。如果另一個操作數是整數型別，則會在執行作業之前轉換為 Single ，而作業的結果也是 Single 值。

您可以在類別中呼叫 static （Shared 在 Visual Basic）方法中 System.Math 執行其他數學運算。其中包括常用於算術的其他方法（例如、和）、幾何（Math.Cos例如和 Math.Sin）和微積分（例如） Math.Log。Math.Sqrt Math.Sign Math.Abs 在所有情況下， Single 值都會 Double轉換成。

您也可以操作值中的 Single 個別位。方法 BitConverter.GetBytes(Single) 會在位元組陣列中傳回其位模式。將位元組陣列傳遞至 BitConverter.ToInt32 方法，您也可以在32位整數中保留 Single 值的位模式。
四捨五入。四捨五入通常用來作為減少浮點表示和精確度問題所造成值差異影響的技術。您可以呼叫 Math.Round 方法來四捨五入Single值。不過，請注意 Single ，在呼叫方法之前，值會 Double 轉換成，而且轉換可能牽涉到精確度遺失。
格式化。您可以呼叫 ToString 方法或使用複合格式功能，將值轉換成Single其字串表示法。如需格式字串如何控制浮點值的字串表示的詳細資訊，請參閱標準數值格式字串和自定義數值格式字串主題。
剖析字串。您可以呼叫 Parse 或 TryParse 方法，將浮點值的字串表示轉換成Single值。如果剖析作業失敗， Parse 方法會擲回例外狀況，而 TryParse 方法會傳 false回。

類型轉換。結構 Single 提供介面的 IConvertible 明確介面實作，可支援在任何兩個標準 .NET 數據類型之間進行轉換。語言編譯程式也支援所有其他標準數值類型的隱含轉換值，但轉換成Double Single值除外。將以外的任何標準數值型Double Single別值轉換成是擴大轉換，不需要使用轉換運算符或轉換方法。

不過，32 位和64位整數值的轉換可能會涉及精確度的遺失。下表列出 32 位、64 位和 Double 類型的精確度差異：

類型	最大精確度（以十進位數為單位）	內部有效位數（以十進位數為單位）
Double	15	17
Int32 和 UInt32	10	10
Int64 和 UInt64	19	19
Single	7	9

精確度問題最常影響 Single 轉換成 Double 值的值。在下列範例中，相同除法運算所產生的兩個值不相等，因為其中一個值是轉換成 Double的單精度浮點值。

using System;

public class Example8
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Double value1 = 1 / 3.0;
        Single sValue2 = 1 / 3.0f;
        Double value2 = (Double)sValue2;
        Console.WriteLine("{0:R} = {1:R}: {2}", value1, value2,
                                            value1.Equals(value2));
    }
}
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False

let value1 = 1. / 3.
let sValue2 = 1f / 3f
let value2 = double sValue2
printfn $"{value1:R} = {value2:R}: {value1.Equals value2}"
// The example displays the following output:
//        0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False

Module Example9
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim value1 As Double = 1 / 3
        Dim sValue2 As Single = 1 / 3
        Dim value2 As Double = CDbl(sValue2)
        Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}: {2}", value1, value2, value1.Equals(value2))
    End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
'       0.33333333333333331 = 0.3333333432674408: False