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可解釋性 - 表格型 SHAP 解釋器

此範例會使用 Kernel SHAP 來說明從成人人口普查數據集建置的表格式分類模型。

匯入必要的套件，並定義我們稍後所需的 UDF：

import pyspark
from synapse.ml.explainers import *
from pyspark.ml import Pipeline
from pyspark.ml.classification import LogisticRegression
from pyspark.ml.feature import StringIndexer, OneHotEncoder, VectorAssembler
from pyspark.sql.types import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import *
import pandas as pd
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession

# Bootstrap Spark Session
spark = SparkSession.builder.getOrCreate()

from synapse.ml.core.platform import *

vec_access = udf(lambda v, i: float(v[i]), FloatType())
vec2array = udf(lambda vec: vec.toArray().tolist(), ArrayType(FloatType()))

讀取數據，並定型二元分類模型：

df = spark.read.parquet(
    "wasbs://publicwasb@mmlspark.blob.core.windows.net/AdultCensusIncome.parquet"
)

labelIndexer = StringIndexer(
    inputCol="income", outputCol="label", stringOrderType="alphabetAsc"
).fit(df)
print("Label index assigment: " + str(set(zip(labelIndexer.labels, [0, 1]))))

training = labelIndexer.transform(df).cache()
display(training)
categorical_features = [
    "workclass",
    "education",
    "marital-status",
    "occupation",
    "relationship",
    "race",
    "sex",
    "native-country",
]
categorical_features_idx = [col + "_idx" for col in categorical_features]
categorical_features_enc = [col + "_enc" for col in categorical_features]
numeric_features = [
    "age",
    "education-num",
    "capital-gain",
    "capital-loss",
    "hours-per-week",
]

strIndexer = StringIndexer(
    inputCols=categorical_features, outputCols=categorical_features_idx
)
onehotEnc = OneHotEncoder(
    inputCols=categorical_features_idx, outputCols=categorical_features_enc
)
vectAssem = VectorAssembler(
    inputCols=categorical_features_enc + numeric_features, outputCol="features"
)
lr = LogisticRegression(featuresCol="features", labelCol="label", weightCol="fnlwgt")
pipeline = Pipeline(stages=[strIndexer, onehotEnc, vectAssem, lr])
model = pipeline.fit(training)

定型模型之後，隨機選取一些觀察來說明：

explain_instances = (
    model.transform(training).orderBy(rand()).limit(5).repartition(200).cache()
)
display(explain_instances)

建立 TabularSHAP 說明工具，將輸入列設定為模型採用的所有特徵。 接下來，指定我們想要說明的模型和目標輸出數據行。 在此，我們想要說明「機率」輸出，這是長度 2 的向量，而我們只查看類別 1 機率。 指定 [0, 1] targetClasses，以同時解釋類別 0 和類別 1 的機率。 最後，從訓練數據中抽取 100 行作為背景數據，用於在 Kernel SHAP 中整合特徵。

shap = TabularSHAP(
    inputCols=categorical_features + numeric_features,
    outputCol="shapValues",
    numSamples=5000,
    model=model,
    targetCol="probability",
    targetClasses=[1],
    backgroundData=broadcast(training.orderBy(rand()).limit(100).cache()),
)

shap_df = shap.transform(explain_instances)

使用產生的數據框架，擷取

  • 模型輸出的類別 1 機率
  • 目標類別的SHAP值
  • 原始特徵
  • 真實標籤

然後，將數據框架轉換成 pandas 數據框架以取得視覺效果。

對於每個觀察，SHAP 值向量中的第一個元素是基準值（背景數據集的平均輸出）。 下列每個元素都是每項功能的 SHAP 值：

shaps = (
    shap_df.withColumn("probability", vec_access(col("probability"), lit(1)))
    .withColumn("shapValues", vec2array(col("shapValues").getItem(0)))
    .select(
        ["shapValues", "probability", "label"] + categorical_features + numeric_features
    )
)

shaps_local = shaps.toPandas()
shaps_local.sort_values("probability", ascending=False, inplace=True, ignore_index=True)
pd.set_option("display.max_colwidth", None)
shaps_local

使用Plotly子圖來將SHAP值可視化：

from plotly.subplots import make_subplots
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import pandas as pd

features = categorical_features + numeric_features
features_with_base = ["Base"] + features

rows = shaps_local.shape[0]

fig = make_subplots(
    rows=rows,
    cols=1,
    subplot_titles="Probability: "
    + shaps_local["probability"].apply("{:.2%}".format)
    + "; Label: "
    + shaps_local["label"].astype(str),
)

for index, row in shaps_local.iterrows():
    feature_values = [0] + [row[feature] for feature in features]
    shap_values = row["shapValues"]
    list_of_tuples = list(zip(features_with_base, feature_values, shap_values))
    shap_pdf = pd.DataFrame(list_of_tuples, columns=["name", "value", "shap"])
    fig.add_trace(
        go.Bar(
            x=shap_pdf["name"],
            y=shap_pdf["shap"],
            hovertext="value: " + shap_pdf["value"].astype(str),
        ),
        row=index + 1,
        col=1,
    )

fig.update_yaxes(range=[-1, 1], fixedrange=True, zerolinecolor="black")
fig.update_xaxes(type="category", tickangle=45, fixedrange=True)
fig.update_layout(height=400 * rows, title_text="SHAP explanations")
fig.show()

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