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How to: Run Partially Trusted Code in a Sandbox

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Caution

Code Access Security (CAS) and Partially Trusted Code

The .NET Framework provides a mechanism for the enforcement of varying levels of trust on different code running in the same application called Code Access Security (CAS).

CAS is not supported in .NET Core, .NET 5, or later versions. CAS is not supported by versions of C# later than 7.0.

CAS in .NET Framework should not be used as a mechanism for enforcing security boundaries based on code origination or other identity aspects. CAS and Security-Transparent Code are not supported as a security boundary with partially trusted code, especially code of unknown origin. We advise against loading and executing code of unknown origins without putting alternative security measures in place. .NET Framework will not issue security patches for any elevation-of-privilege exploits that might be discovered against the CAS sandbox.

This policy applies to all versions of .NET Framework, but does not apply to the .NET Framework included in Silverlight.

Sandboxing is the practice of running code in a restricted security environment, which limits the access permissions granted to the code. For example, if you have a managed library from a source you do not completely trust, you should not run it as fully trusted. Instead, you should place the code in a sandbox that limits its permissions to those that you expect it to need (for example, Execution permission).

You can also use sandboxing to test code you will be distributing that will run in partially trusted environments.

An AppDomain is an effective way of providing a sandbox for managed applications. Application domains that are used for running partially trusted code have permissions that define the protected resources that are available when running within that AppDomain. Code that runs inside the AppDomain is bound by the permissions associated with the AppDomain and is allowed to access only the specified resources. The AppDomain also includes a StrongName array that is used to identify assemblies that are to be loaded as fully trusted. This enables the creator of an AppDomain to start a new sandboxed domain that allows specific helper assemblies to be fully trusted. Another option for loading assemblies as fully trusted is to place them in the global assembly cache; however, that will load assemblies as fully trusted in all application domains created on that computer. The list of strong names supports a per-AppDomain decision that provides more restrictive determination.

You can use the AppDomain.CreateDomain(String, Evidence, AppDomainSetup, PermissionSet, StrongName[]) method overload to specify the permission set for applications that run in a sandbox. This overload enables you to specify the exact level of code access security you want. Assemblies that are loaded into an AppDomain by using this overload can either have the specified grant set only, or can be fully trusted. The assembly is granted full trust if it is in the global assembly cache or listed in the fullTrustAssemblies (the StrongName) array parameter. Only assemblies known to be fully trusted should be added to the fullTrustAssemblies list.

The overload has the following signature:

AppDomain.CreateDomain( string friendlyName,
                        Evidence securityInfo,
                        AppDomainSetup info,
                        PermissionSet grantSet,
                        params StrongName[] fullTrustAssemblies);

The parameters for the CreateDomain(String, Evidence, AppDomainSetup, PermissionSet, StrongName[]) method overload specify the name of the AppDomain, the evidence for the AppDomain, the AppDomainSetup object that identifies the application base for the sandbox, the permission set to use, and the strong names for fully trusted assemblies.

For security reasons, the application base specified in the info parameter should not be the application base for the hosting application.

For the grantSet parameter, you can specify either a permission set you have explicitly created, or a standard permission set created by the GetStandardSandbox method.

Unlike most AppDomain loads, the evidence for the AppDomain (which is provided by the securityInfo parameter) is not used to determine the grant set for the partially trusted assemblies. Instead, it is independently specified by the grantSet parameter. However, the evidence can be used for other purposes such as determining the isolated storage scope.

To run an application in a sandbox

  1. Create the permission set to be granted to the untrusted application. The minimum permission you can grant is Execution permission. You can also grant additional permissions you think might be safe for untrusted code; for example, IsolatedStorageFilePermission. The following code creates a new permission set with only Execution permission.

    PermissionSet permSet = new PermissionSet(PermissionState.None);
permSet.AddPermission(new SecurityPermission(SecurityPermissionFlag.Execution));

    Alternatively, you can use an existing named permission set, such as Internet.

    Evidence ev = new Evidence();
ev.AddHostEvidence(new Zone(SecurityZone.Internet));
PermissionSet internetPS = SecurityManager.GetStandardSandbox(ev);

    The GetStandardSandbox method returns either an Internet permission set or a LocalIntranet permission set depending on the zone in the evidence. GetStandardSandbox also constructs identity permissions for some of the evidence objects passed as references.

  2. Sign the assembly that contains the hosting class (named Sandboxer in this example) that calls the untrusted code. Add the StrongName used to sign the assembly to the StrongName array of the fullTrustAssemblies parameter of the CreateDomain call. The hosting class must run as fully trusted to enable the execution of the partial-trust code or to offer services to the partial-trust application. This is how you read the StrongName of an assembly:

    StrongName fullTrustAssembly = typeof(Sandboxer).Assembly.Evidence.GetHostEvidence<StrongName>();

    .NET Framework assemblies such as mscorlib and System.dll do not have to be added to the full-trust list because they are loaded as fully trusted from the global assembly cache.

  3. Initialize the AppDomainSetup parameter of the CreateDomain method. With this parameter, you can control many of the settings of the new AppDomain. The ApplicationBase property is an important setting, and should be different from the ApplicationBase property for the AppDomain of the hosting application. If the ApplicationBase settings are the same, the partial-trust application can get the hosting application to load (as fully trusted) an exception it defines, thus exploiting it. This is another reason why a catch (exception) is not recommended. Setting the application base of the host differently from the application base of the sandboxed application mitigates the risk of exploits.

    AppDomainSetup adSetup = new AppDomainSetup();
adSetup.ApplicationBase = Path.GetFullPath(pathToUntrusted);

  4. Call the CreateDomain(String, Evidence, AppDomainSetup, PermissionSet, StrongName[]) method overload to create the application domain using the parameters we have specified.

    The signature for this method is:

    public static AppDomain CreateDomain(string friendlyName,
    Evidence securityInfo, AppDomainSetup info, PermissionSet grantSet,
    params StrongName[] fullTrustAssemblies)

    Additional information:

    • This is the only overload of the CreateDomain method that takes a PermissionSet as a parameter, and thus the only overload that lets you load an application in a partial-trust setting.

    • The evidence parameter is not used to calculate a permission set; it is used for identification by other features of the .NET Framework.

    • Setting the ApplicationBase property of the info parameter is mandatory for this overload.

    • The fullTrustAssemblies parameter has the params keyword, which means that it is not necessary to create a StrongName array. Passing 0, 1, or more strong names as parameters is allowed.

    • The code to create the application domain is:

    AppDomain newDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("Sandbox", null, adSetup, permSet, fullTrustAssembly);

  5. Load the code into the sandboxing AppDomain that you created. This can be done in two ways:

    The second method is preferable, because it makes it easier to pass parameters to the new AppDomain instance. The CreateInstanceFrom method provides two important features:

    • You can use a code base that points to a location that does not contain your assembly.

    • You can do the creation under an Assert for full-trust (PermissionState.Unrestricted), which enables you to create an instance of a critical class. (This happens whenever your assembly has no transparency markings and is loaded as fully trusted.) Therefore, you have to be careful to create only code that you trust with this function, and we recommend that you create only instances of fully trusted classes in the new application domain.

    ObjectHandle handle = Activator.CreateInstanceFrom(
newDomain, typeof(Sandboxer).Assembly.ManifestModule.FullyQualifiedName,
       typeof(Sandboxer).FullName );

    To create an instance of a class in a new domain, the class must extend the MarshalByRefObject class.

    class Sandboxer:MarshalByRefObject

  6. Unwrap the new domain instance into a reference in this domain. This reference is used to execute the untrusted code.

    Sandboxer newDomainInstance = (Sandboxer) handle.Unwrap();

  7. Call the ExecuteUntrustedCode method in the instance of the Sandboxer class you just created.

    newDomainInstance.ExecuteUntrustedCode(untrustedAssembly, untrustedClass, entryPoint, parameters);

    This call is executed in the sandboxed application domain, which has restricted permissions.

    public void ExecuteUntrustedCode(string assemblyName, string typeName, string entryPoint, Object[] parameters)
{
    //Load the MethodInfo for a method in the new assembly. This might be a method you know, or
    //you can use Assembly.EntryPoint to get to the entry point in an executable.
    MethodInfo target = Assembly.Load(assemblyName).GetType(typeName).GetMethod(entryPoint);
    try
    {
        // Invoke the method.
        target.Invoke(null, parameters);
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
    //When information is obtained from a SecurityException extra information is provided if it is
    //accessed in full-trust.
        new PermissionSet(PermissionState.Unrestricted).Assert();
        Console.WriteLine("SecurityException caught:\n{0}", ex.ToString());
        CodeAccessPermission.RevertAssert();
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

    System.Reflection is used to get a handle of a method in the partially trusted assembly. The handle can be used to execute code in a safe way with minimum permissions.

    In the previous code, note the Assert for the full-trust permission before printing the SecurityException.

    new PermissionSet(PermissionState.Unrestricted).Assert()

    The full-trust assert is used to obtain extended information from the SecurityException. Without the Assert, the ToString method of SecurityException will discover that there is partially trusted code on the stack and will restrict the information returned. This could cause security issues if the partial-trust code could read that information, but the risk is mitigated by not granting UIPermission. The full-trust assert should be used sparingly and only when you are sure that you are not allowing partial-trust code to elevate to full trust. As a rule, do not call code you do not trust in the same function and after you called an assert for full trust. It is good practice to always revert the assert when you have finished using it.

Example

The following example implements the procedure in the previous section. In the example, a project named Sandboxer in a Visual Studio solution also contains a project named UntrustedCode, which implements the class UntrustedClass. This scenario assumes that you have downloaded a library assembly containing a method that is expected to return true or false to indicate whether the number you provided is a Fibonacci number. Instead, the method attempts to read a file from your computer. The following example shows the untrusted code.

using System;
using System.IO;
namespace UntrustedCode
{
    public class UntrustedClass
    {
        // Pretend to be a method checking if a number is a Fibonacci
        // but which actually attempts to read a file.
        public static bool IsFibonacci(int number)
        {
           File.ReadAllText("C:\\Temp\\file.txt");
           return false;
        }
    }
}

The following example shows the Sandboxer application code that executes the untrusted code.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
using System.Security;
using System.Security.Policy;
using System.Security.Permissions;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.Remoting;

//The Sandboxer class needs to derive from MarshalByRefObject so that we can create it in another
// AppDomain and refer to it from the default AppDomain.
class Sandboxer : MarshalByRefObject
{
    const string pathToUntrusted = @"..\..\..\UntrustedCode\bin\Debug";
    const string untrustedAssembly = "UntrustedCode";
    const string untrustedClass = "UntrustedCode.UntrustedClass";
    const string entryPoint = "IsFibonacci";
    private static Object[] parameters = { 45 };
    static void Main()
    {
        //Setting the AppDomainSetup. It is very important to set the ApplicationBase to a folder
        //other than the one in which the sandboxer resides.
        AppDomainSetup adSetup = new AppDomainSetup();
        adSetup.ApplicationBase = Path.GetFullPath(pathToUntrusted);

        //Setting the permissions for the AppDomain. We give the permission to execute and to
        //read/discover the location where the untrusted code is loaded.
        PermissionSet permSet = new PermissionSet(PermissionState.None);
        permSet.AddPermission(new SecurityPermission(SecurityPermissionFlag.Execution));

        //We want the sandboxer assembly's strong name, so that we can add it to the full trust list.
        StrongName fullTrustAssembly = typeof(Sandboxer).Assembly.Evidence.GetHostEvidence<StrongName>();

        //Now we have everything we need to create the AppDomain, so let's create it.
        AppDomain newDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("Sandbox", null, adSetup, permSet, fullTrustAssembly);

        //Use CreateInstanceFrom to load an instance of the Sandboxer class into the
        //new AppDomain.
        ObjectHandle handle = Activator.CreateInstanceFrom(
            newDomain, typeof(Sandboxer).Assembly.ManifestModule.FullyQualifiedName,
            typeof(Sandboxer).FullName
            );
        //Unwrap the new domain instance into a reference in this domain and use it to execute the
        //untrusted code.
        Sandboxer newDomainInstance = (Sandboxer) handle.Unwrap();
        newDomainInstance.ExecuteUntrustedCode(untrustedAssembly, untrustedClass, entryPoint, parameters);
    }
    public void ExecuteUntrustedCode(string assemblyName, string typeName, string entryPoint, Object[] parameters)
    {
        //Load the MethodInfo for a method in the new Assembly. This might be a method you know, or
        //you can use Assembly.EntryPoint to get to the main function in an executable.
        MethodInfo target = Assembly.Load(assemblyName).GetType(typeName).GetMethod(entryPoint);
        try
        {
            //Now invoke the method.
            bool retVal = (bool)target.Invoke(null, parameters);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            // When we print informations from a SecurityException extra information can be printed if we are
            //calling it with a full-trust stack.
            new PermissionSet(PermissionState.Unrestricted).Assert();
            Console.WriteLine("SecurityException caught:\n{0}", ex.ToString());
            CodeAccessPermission.RevertAssert();
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }
}

See also