HandleRef 範例
這個範例示範如何在 Unmanaged 函式完成之前，防止 Managed 物件上的記憶體回收。 這個範例也會示範如何使用函式多載化 (Function Overloading) 傳遞 Null 參考 (在 Visual Basic 中為 Nothing)，而非實值型別 (Value Type) 的參考。
HandleRef 範例使用下列 Unmanaged 函式，顯示其原始函式宣告：
從 Kernel32.dll 匯出 ReadFile。
BOOL ReadFile( HANDLE hFile, LPVOID lpBuffer, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToRead, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRead, LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped);
傳遞到函式的原始結構包含以下元素：
typedef struct _OVERLAPPED {
ULONG_PTR Internal;
ULONG_PTR InternalHigh;
DWORD Offset;
DWORD OffsetHigh;
HANDLE hEvent;
} OVERLAPPED;
在這個範例中，Overlapped 結構和 Overlapped2 類別包含 IntPtr 型別，而非指標型別 (Pointer Type) 和 HANDLE 型別。 設定 StructLayoutAttribute 屬性以確保成員是按照出現的順序，循序配置於記憶體中。
LibWrap 類別包含 ReadFile 和 ReadFile2 方法的 Managed 原型。 ReadFile 會將 Overlapped 結構當做其中一個參數傳遞。 必要時，將 ReadFile 方法多載化，這個範例便可傳遞 Null 參考 (在 Visual Basic 中為 Nothing)，而非結構的參考。 C# 或 Visual Basic 2005 都不允許直接傳遞 null 參考 (Nothing)。
ReadFile2 傳遞 Overlapped2 類別。 類別 (其為參考型別) 預設會被當成 In 參數傳遞。 將 InAttribute 和 OutAttribute 屬性套用至宣告中，會導致將 Overlapped2 封送處理為 In/Out 參數。 這個範例可以在需要時直接傳遞 Null 參考 (Nothing)，而非類別，因為類別是參考型別，且可以傳遞 Null 參考 (Nothing) 到類別的位置。 App 類別會為 FileStream 建立 HandleRef 包裝函式，以避免在完成 ReadFile or ReadFile2 或的呼叫之前，發生記憶體回收。
宣告原型
' Declares a managed structure for the unmanaged structure.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)> _
Public Structure Overlapped
' ...
End Structure
' Declares a managed class for the unmanaged structure.
<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)> _
Public Class Overlapped2
' ...
End Class
Public Class LibWrap
' Declares a managed prototypes for unmanaged functions.
' Because Overlapped is a structure, you cannot pass Nothing as a
' parameter. Instead, declares an overloaded method.
Overloads Declare Ansi Function ReadFile Lib "Kernel32.dll" ( _
ByVal hndRef As HandleRef, _
ByVal buffer As StringBuilder, _
ByVal numberOfBytesToRead As Integer, _
ByRef numberOfBytesRead As Integer, _
ByRef flag As Overlapped) As Boolean
' Declares an int instead of a structure reference for 'flag'
Overloads Declare Ansi Function ReadFile Lib "Kernel32.dll" ( _
ByVal hndRef As HandleRef, _
ByVal buffer As StringBuilder, _
ByVal numberOfBytesToRead As Integer, _
ByRef numberOfBytesRead As Integer, _
ByVal flag As IntPtr) As Boolean
' Because Overlapped2 is a class, you can pass Nothing as a parameter.
' No overloading is needed.
Declare Ansi Function ReadFile2 Lib "Kernel32.dll" Alias "ReadFile" ( _
ByVal hndRef As HandleRef, _
ByVal buffer As StringBuilder, _
ByVal numberOfBytesToRead As Integer, _
ByRef numberOfBytesRead As Integer, _
<[In], Out> ByVal flag As Overlapped2) As Boolean
End Class
// Declares a managed structure for the unmanaged structure.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct Overlapped
{
// ...
}
// Declares a managed class for the unmanaged structure.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public class Overlapped2
{
// ...
}
public class LibWrap
{
// Declares managed prototypes for unmanaged functions.
// Because Overlapped is a structure, you cannot pass null as a
// parameter. Instead, declares an overloaded method.
[DllImport("Kernel32.dll")]
public static extern bool ReadFile(
HandleRef hndRef,
StringBuilder buffer,
int numberOfBytesToRead,
out int numberOfBytesRead,
ref Overlapped flag );
[DllImport("Kernel32.dll")]
public static extern bool ReadFile(
HandleRef hndRef,
StringBuilder buffer,
int numberOfBytesToRead,
out int numberOfBytesRead,
IntPtr flag ); // Declares an int instead of a structure reference.
// Because Overlapped2 is a class, you can pass null as parameter.
// No overloading is needed.
[DllImport("Kernel32.dll", EntryPoint="ReadFile")]
public static extern bool ReadFile2(
HandleRef hndRef,
StringBuilder buffer,
int numberOfBytesToRead,
out int numberOfBytesRead,
Overlapped2 flag);
}
// Declares a managed structure for the unmanaged structure.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public value struct Overlapped
{
// ...
};
// Declares a managed class for the unmanaged structure.
[StructLayout(LayoutKind::Sequential)]
public ref class Overlapped2
{
// ...
};
public ref class LibWrap
{
public:
// Declares managed prototypes for unmanaged functions.
// Because Overlapped is a structure, you cannot pass null as a
// parameter. Instead, declares an overloaded method.
[DllImport("Kernel32.dll")]
static bool ReadFile(
HandleRef hndRef,
StringBuilder^ buffer,
int numberOfBytesToRead,
int numberOfBytesRead,
Overlapped% flag );
[DllImport("Kernel32.dll")]
static bool ReadFile(
HandleRef hndRef,
StringBuilder^ buffer,
int numberOfBytesToRead,
int% numberOfBytesRead,
IntPtr flag ); // Declares an int instead of a structure reference.
// Because Overlapped2 is a class, you can pass null as parameter.
// No overloading is needed.
[DllImport("Kernel32.dll", EntryPoint="ReadFile")]
static bool ReadFile2(
HandleRef hndRef,
StringBuilder^ buffer,
int numberOfBytesToRead,
int% numberOfBytesRead,
Overlapped2^ flag);
};
呼叫函式
Public Class App
Public Shared Sub Main()
Dim fs As New FileStream("HandleRef.txt", FileMode.Open)
' Wraps the FileStream handle in HandleRef to prevent it
' from being garbage collected before the call ends.
Dim hr As New HandleRef(fs, fs.SafeFileHandle.DangerousGetHandle())
Dim buffer As New StringBuilder(5)
Dim read As Integer = 0
' Platform invoke holds the reference to HandleRef until the
' call ends.
LibWrap.ReadFile(hr, buffer, 5, read, IntPtr.Zero)
Console.WriteLine("Read {0} bytes with struct parameter: {1}", read, buffer)
LibWrap.ReadFile2(hr, buffer, 5, read, Nothing)
Console.WriteLine("Read {0} bytes with class parameter: {1}", read, buffer)
End Sub
End Class
public class App
{
public static void Main()
{
FileStream fs = new FileStream("HandleRef.txt", FileMode.Open);
// Wraps the FileStream handle in HandleRef to prevent it
// from being garbage collected before the call ends.
HandleRef hr = new HandleRef(fs, fs.SafeFileHandle.DangerousGetHandle());
StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(5);
int read = 0;
// Platform invoke holds a reference to HandleRef until the call
// ends.
LibWrap.ReadFile(hr, buffer, 5, out read, IntPtr.Zero);
Console.WriteLine("Read {0} bytes with struct parameter: {1}", read, buffer);
LibWrap.ReadFile2(hr, buffer, 5, out read, null);
Console.WriteLine("Read {0} bytes with class parameter: {1}", read, buffer);
}
}
public ref class App
{
public:
static void Main()
{
FileStream^ fs = gcnew FileStream("HandleRef.txt", FileMode::Open);
// Wraps the FileStream handle in HandleRef to prevent it
// from being garbage collected before the call ends.
HandleRef hr = HandleRef(fs, fs->SafeFileHandle->DangerousGetHandle());
StringBuilder^ buffer = gcnew StringBuilder(5);
int read = 0;
// Platform invoke holds a reference to HandleRef until the call
// ends.
LibWrap::ReadFile(hr, buffer, 5, read, IntPtr::Zero);
Console::WriteLine("Read {0} bytes with struct parameter: {1}", read, buffer);
LibWrap::ReadFile2(hr, buffer, 5, read, nullptr);
Console::WriteLine("Read {0} bytes with class parameter: {1}", read, buffer);
}
};