HOW TO：依副檔名分組檔案 (LINQ)
更新：2007 年 11 月
這個範例顯示如何使用 LINQ，對檔案或資料庫清單執行進階分組和排序作業。同時也會顯示如何使用 Skip<TSource> 和 Take<TSource> 方法，將主控台視窗中的輸出進行分頁。
範例
下列查詢顯示如何依副檔名來分組所指定目錄樹狀結構的內容。
Module GroupByExtension
Public Sub Main()
' Root folder to query, along with all subfolders.
Dim startFolder As String = "C:\program files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VB\"
' Used in WriteLine() to skip over startfolder in output lines.
Dim rootLength As Integer = startFolder.Length
' Take a snapshot of the file system.
Dim fileList As IEnumerable(Of System.IO.FileInfo) = GetFiles(startFolder)
' Create the query.
Dim queryGroupByExt = From file In fileList _
Group By file.Extension.ToLower() Into fileGroup = Group _
Order By ToLower _
Select fileGroup
' Execute the query. By storing the result we can
' page the display with good performance.
Dim groupByExtList = queryGroupByExt.ToList()
' Display one group at a time. If the number of
' entries is greater than the number of lines
' in the console window, then page the output.
Dim trimLength = startFolder.Length
PageOutput(groupByExtList, trimLength)
End Sub
' Function to retrieve a list of files. Note that this is a copy
' of the file information.
Function GetFiles(ByVal root As String) As IEnumerable(Of System.IO.FileInfo)
Return From file In My.Computer.FileSystem.GetFiles _
(root, FileIO.SearchOption.SearchAllSubDirectories, "*.*") _
Select New System.IO.FileInfo(file)
End Function
' Pages console diplay for large query results. No more than one group per page.
' This sub specifically works with group queries of FileInfo objects
' but can be modified for any type.
Sub PageOutput(ByVal groupQuery, ByVal charsToSkip)
' "3" = 1 line for extension key + 1 for "Press any key" + 1 for input cursor.
Dim numLines As Integer = Console.WindowHeight - 3
' Flag to indicate whether there are more results to diplay
Dim goAgain As Boolean = True
For Each fg As IEnumerable(Of System.IO.FileInfo) In groupQuery
' Start a new extension at the top of a page.
Dim currentLine As Integer = 0
Do While (currentLine < fg.Count())
Console.Clear()
Console.WriteLine(fg(0).Extension)
' Get the next page of results
' No more than one filename per page
Dim resultPage = From file In fg _
Skip currentLine Take numLines
' Execute the query. Trim the display output.
For Each line In resultPage
Console.WriteLine(vbTab & line.FullName.Substring(charsToSkip))
Next
' Advance the current position
currentLine = numLines + currentLine
' Give the user a chance to break out of the loop
Console.WriteLine("Press any key for next page or the 'End' key to exit.")
Dim key As ConsoleKey = Console.ReadKey().Key
If key = ConsoleKey.End Then
goAgain = False
Exit For
End If
Loop
Next
End Sub
End Module
class GroupByExtension
{
// This query will sort all the files under the specified folder
// and subfolder into groups keyed by the file extension.
private static void Main()
{
// Take a snapshot of the file system.
string startFolder = @"c:\program files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7";
// Used in WriteLine to trim output lines.
int trimLength = startFolder.Length;
// Take a snapshot of the file system.
IEnumerable<System.IO.FileInfo> fileList = GetFiles(startFolder);
// Create the query.
var queryGroupByExt =
from file in fileList
group file by file.Extension.ToLower() into fileGroup
orderby fileGroup.Key
select fileGroup;
// Display one group at a time. If the number of
// entries is greater than the number of lines
// in the console window, then page the output.
PageOutput(trimLength, queryGroupByExt);
}
// This method specifically handles group queries of FileInfo objects with string keys.
// It can be modified to work for any long listings of data. Note that explicit typing
// must be used in method signatures. The groupbyExtList parameter is a query that produces
// groups of FileInfo objects with string keys.
private static void PageOutput( int rootLength,
IEnumerable<System.Linq.IGrouping<string, System.IO.FileInfo>> groupByExtList)
{
// Flag to break out of paging loop.
bool goAgain = true;
// "3" = 1 line for extension + 1 for "Press any key" + 1 for input cursor.
int numLines = Console.WindowHeight - 3;
// Iterate through the outer collection of groups.
foreach (var filegroup in groupByExtList)
{
// Start a new extension at the top of a page.
int currentLine = 0;
// Output only as many lines of the current group as will fit in the window.
do
{
Console.Clear();
Console.WriteLine(filegroup.Key == String.Empty ? "[none]" : filegroup.Key);
// Get 'numLines' number of items starting at number 'currentLine'.
var resultPage = filegroup.Skip(currentLine).Take(numLines);
//Execute the resultPage query
foreach (var f in resultPage)
{
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}", f.FullName.Substring(rootLength));
}
// Increment the line counter.
currentLine += numLines;
// Give the user a chance to escape.
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to continue or the 'End' key to break...");
ConsoleKey key = Console.ReadKey().Key;
if (key == ConsoleKey.End)
{
goAgain = false;
break;
}
} while (currentLine < filegroup.Count());
if (goAgain == false)
break;
}
}
// This method assumes that the application has discovery
// permissions for all folders under the specified path.
static IEnumerable<System.IO.FileInfo> GetFiles(string path)
{
if (!System.IO.Directory.Exists(path))
throw new System.IO.DirectoryNotFoundException();
string[] fileNames = null;
List<System.IO.FileInfo> files = new List<System.IO.FileInfo>();
fileNames = System.IO.Directory.GetFiles(path, "*.*", System.IO.SearchOption.AllDirectories);
foreach (string name in fileNames)
{
files.Add(new System.IO.FileInfo(name));
}
return files;
}
}
根據本機檔案系統詳細資料以及 startFolder 設定值的不同，這個程式的輸出可能十分長。這個範例顯示如何將結果分頁，以檢視所有結果。相同的技巧也適用於 Windows 和 Web 應用程式。請注意，因為程式碼會將群組中的項目分頁，所以需要使用巢狀 foreach 迴圈 (Loop)。此外還需要一些額外的邏輯來計算清單中目前的位置，以及讓使用者停止分頁並結束程式。在這個案例中，分頁查詢會對原始查詢的快取結果執行。在其他內容中 (如 LINQ to SQL)，則不需要進行這類快取。
編譯程式碼
建立以 .NET Framework 3.5 版為目標的 Visual Studio 專案。專案預設會含 System.Core.dll 的參考，以及 System.Linq 命名空間 (Namespace) 的 using 指示詞 (C#) 或 Imports 陳述式 (Visual Basic)。在 C# 專案中，請加入 System.IO 命名空間的 using 指示詞。
將此程式碼複製至您的專案。
按 F5 編譯和執行程式。
按任何鍵離開主控台視窗。
穩固程式設計
如需對多種類型的文件和檔案內容執行大量查詢作業，可考慮使用 Windows 桌面搜尋 (英文) 引擎。