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變更大綱

這個大綱顯示從 Managed Extensions for C++ 升級為 Visual C++ 2010 之後,語言中一些變更的範例。 如需詳細資訊,請遵循每個項目隨附的連結。

無雙底線關鍵字

所有關鍵字前面的雙底線都已移除,只有一個例外。 所以,__value 變成 value,而 __interface 變成 interface 等等。 若要避免使用者程式碼中的關鍵字與識別項之間出現名稱衝突,就要先將關鍵字視為內容。

如需詳細資訊,請參閱語言關鍵字

類別宣告

Managed Extensions 語法:

__gc class Block {};                           // reference class
__value class Vector {};                       // value class
__interface I {};                        // interface class
__gc __abstract class Shape {};                // abstract class
__gc __sealed class Shape2D : public Shape {}; // derived class

新的語法:

ref class Block {};                // reference class
value class Vector {};             // value class
interface class I {};        // interface class
ref class Shape abstract {};       // abstract class
ref class Shape2D sealed: Shape{}; // derived class

如需詳細資訊,請參閱Managed 型別 (C++/CL)

物件宣告

Managed Extensions 語法:

public __gc class Form1 : public System::Windows::Forms::Form {
private:
   System::ComponentModel::Container __gc *components;
   System::Windows::Forms::Button   __gc *button1;
   System::Windows::Forms::DataGrid __gc *myDataGrid;   
   System::Data::DataSet  __gc *myDataSet;
};

新的語法:

public ref class Form1 : System::Windows::Forms::Form {
   System::ComponentModel::Container^ components;
   System::Windows::Forms::Button^ button1;
   System::Windows::Forms::DataGrid^ myDataGrid;
   System::Data::DataSet^ myDataSet;
};

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 參考類別物件的宣告

Managed 堆積配置

Managed Extensions 語法:

Button* button1 = new Button; // managed heap
int *pi1 = new int;           // native heap
Int32 *pi2 = new Int32;       // managed heap

新的語法:

Button^ button1 = gcnew Button;        // managed heap
int * pi1 = new int;                   // native heap
Int32^ pi2 = gcnew Int32;              // managed heap

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 參考類別物件的宣告

No 物件的追蹤參考

Managed Extensions 語法:

// OK: we set obj to refer to no object
Object * obj = 0;

// Error: no implicit boxing
Object * obj2 = 1;

新的語法:

// Incorrect Translation
// causes the implicit boxing of both 0 and 1
Object ^ obj = 0;
Object ^ obj2 = 1;

// Correct Translation
// OK: we set obj to refer to no object
Object ^ obj = nullptr;

// OK: we initialize obj2 to an Int32^
Object ^ obj2 = 1;

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 參考類別物件的宣告

陣列宣告

CLR 陣列已重新設計。 它類似 stl vector 範本集合,但是會對應至基礎 System::Array 類別,也就是說,它不是範本實作。

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 陣列的宣告

將陣列當做參數

Managed Extensions 陣列語法:

void PrintValues( Object* myArr __gc[]); 
void PrintValues( int myArr __gc[,,]); 

新的陣列語法:

void PrintValues( array<Object^>^ myArr );
void PrintValues( array<int,3>^ myArr );

將陣列當做傳回型別

Managed Extensions 陣列語法:

Int32 f() []; 
int GetArray() __gc[];

新的陣列語法:

array<Int32>^ f();
array<int>^ GetArray();

本機 CLR 陣列的縮寫初始化

Managed Extensions 陣列語法:

int GetArray() __gc[] {
   int a1 __gc[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
   Object* myObjArray __gc[] = { __box(26), __box(27), __box(28),
                                 __box(29), __box(30) };

   return a1;
}

新的陣列語法:

array<int>^ GetArray() {
   array<int>^ a1 = {1,2,3,4,5};
   array<Object^>^ myObjArray = {26,27,28,29,30};

   return a1;
}

明確的 CLR 陣列宣告

Managed Extensions 陣列語法:

Object* myArray[] = new Object*[2];
String* myMat[,] = new String*[4,4];

新的陣列語法:

array<Object^>^ myArray = gcnew array<Object^>(2);
array<String^,2>^ myMat = gcnew array<String^,2>(4,4);

新加入語言:在 gcnew 之後的明確陣列初始化

// explicit initialization list follow gcnew 
// is not supported in Managed Extensions
array<Object^>^ myArray = 
   gcnew array<Object^>(4){ 1, 1, 2, 3 };

純量屬性

Managed Extensions 屬性語法:

public __gc __sealed class Vector {
   double _x;

public:
   __property double get_x(){ return _x; }
   __property void set_x( double newx ){ _x = newx; }
};

新的屬性語法:

public ref class Vector sealed { 
   double _x;

public:
   property double x 
   {
      double get()             { return _x; }
      void   set( double newx ){ _x = newx; }
   } // Note: no semi-colon …
};

新加入語言:trivial 屬性

public ref class Vector sealed { 
public:
   // equivalent shorthand property syntax
   // backing store is not accessible
   property double x; 
};

如需詳細資訊,請參閱屬性宣告

索引屬性

Managed Extensions 索引屬性語法:

public __gc class Matrix {
   float mat[,];

public: 
   __property void set_Item( int r, int c, float value) { mat[r,c] = value; }
   __property int get_Item( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
};

新的索引屬性語法:

public ref class Matrix {
   array<float, 2>^ mat;

public:
   property float Item [int,int] {
      float get( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
      void set( int r, int c, float value ) { mat[r,c] = value; }
   }
};

新加入語言:類別層級索引屬性

public ref class Matrix {
   array<float, 2>^ mat;

public:
   // ok: class level indexer now
   //     Matrix mat;
   //     mat[ 0, 0 ] = 1; 
   //
   // invokes the set accessor of the default indexer

   property float default [int,int] {
      float get( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
      void set( int r, int c, float value ) { mat[r,c] = value; }
   }
};

如需詳細資訊,請參閱屬性索引宣告

多載運算子

Managed Extensions 運算子多載語法:

public __gc __sealed class Vector {
public:
   Vector( double x, double y, double z );

   static bool    op_Equality( const Vector*, const Vector* );
   static Vector* op_Division( const Vector*, double );
};

int main() {
   Vector *pa = new Vector( 0.231, 2.4745, 0.023 );
   Vector *pb = new Vector( 1.475, 4.8916, -1.23 ); 

   Vector *pc = Vector::op_Division( pa, 4.8916 );

   if ( Vector::op_Equality( pa, pc ))
      ;
}

新的運算子多載語法:

public ref class Vector sealed {
public:
   Vector( double x, double y, double z );

   static bool    operator ==( const Vector^, const Vector^ );
   static Vector^ operator /( const Vector^, double );
};

int main() {
   Vector^ pa = gcnew Vector( 0.231, 2.4745, 0.023 );
   Vector^ pb = gcnew Vector( 1.475, 4.8916, -1.23 );

   Vector^ pc = pa / 4.8916;
   if ( pc == pa )
      ;
}

如需詳細資訊,請參閱多載運算子

轉換運算子

Managed Extensions 轉換運算子語法:

__gc struct MyDouble {
   static MyDouble* op_Implicit( int i ); 
   static int op_Explicit( MyDouble* val );
   static String* op_Explicit( MyDouble* val ); 
};

新的轉換運算子語法:

ref struct MyDouble {
public:
   static operator MyDouble^ ( int i );
   static explicit operator int ( MyDouble^ val );
   static explicit operator String^ ( MyDouble^ val );
};

如需詳細資訊,請參閱轉換運算子的變更

介面成員的明確覆寫

Managed Extensions 明確覆寫語法:

public __gc class R : public ICloneable {
   // to be used through ICloneable
   Object* ICloneable::Clone();

   // to be used through an R
   R* Clone();
};

新的明確覆寫語法:

public ref class R : public ICloneable {
   // to be used through ICloneable
   virtual Object^ InterfaceClone() = ICloneable::Clone;

   // to be used through an R 
   virtual R^ Clone();
};

如需詳細資訊,請參閱介面成員的明確覆寫

私用虛擬函式

Managed Extensions 私用虛擬函式語法:

__gc class Base {
private:
   // inaccessible to a derived class
   virtual void g(); 
};

__gc class Derived : public Base {
public:
   // ok: g() overrides Base::g()
   virtual void g();
};

新的私用虛擬函式語法

ref class Base {
private:
   // inaccessible to a derived class
   virtual void g(); 
};

ref class Derived : public Base {
public:
   // error: cannot override: Base::g() is inaccessible
   virtual void g() override;
};

如需詳細資訊,請參閱私用虛擬函式

CLR 列舉型別

Managed Extensions 列舉語法:

__value enum e1 { fail, pass };
public __value enum e2 : unsigned short  { 
   not_ok = 1024, 
   maybe, ok = 2048 
};  

新的列舉語法:

enum class e1 { fail, pass };
public enum class e2 : unsigned short { 
   not_ok = 1024,
   maybe, ok = 2048 
};

除了這個小小的語法變更以外,CLR 列舉型別的行為在不同方面也有所變更:

  • 不再支援 CLR 列舉的向前宣告。

  • 內建算術型別和 Object 類別階層之間的多載解析,已於 Managed Extensions 和 Visual C++ 2010 之間回復。 副作用是,CLR 列舉無法再隱含地轉換成算術型別。

  • 在新語法中,CLR 列舉會維護本身的範圍,但在 Managed Extensions 則不是如此。 先前,列舉值在列舉的包含範圍中是可見的;而現在,列舉值在列舉範圍內是封裝的。

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 列舉型別

移除 __box 關鍵字

Managed Extensions Boxing 語法:

Object *o = __box( 1024 ); // explicit boxing

新的 Boxing 語法:

Object ^o = 1024; // implicit boxing

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 Boxed 值的追蹤控制代碼

Pin 指標

Managed Extensions Pin 指標語法:

__gc struct H { int j; };

int main() {
   H * h = new H;
   int __pin * k = & h -> j;
};

新的 Pin 指標語法:

ref struct H { int j; };

int main() {
   H^ h = gcnew H;
   pin_ptr<int> k = &h->j;
}

如需詳細資訊,請參閱實值型別語意

__typeof 關鍵字變成 typeid

Managed Extensions typeof 語法:

Array* myIntArray = 
   Array::CreateInstance( __typeof(Int32), 5 );

新的 typeid 語法:

Array^ myIntArray = 
   Array::CreateInstance( Int32::typeid, 5 );

如需詳細資訊,請參閱 typeof 變成 T::typeid

請參閱

概念

C++/CLI 移轉入門

Managed Extensions for C++ 語法升級檢查清單

Language Features for Targeting the CLR