處理二進位資料

mssql-python 驅動程式支援 binary、 、 varbinaryimage Microsoft SQL 的資料型別。

Microsoft SQL 以以下欄位類型儲存二進位資料:

類型 描述 大小上限
binary(n) 固定長度的二進位資料。 8,000 位元組
varbinary(n) 可變長度的二進位資料。 8,000 位元組
varbinary(max) 大型二進位資料。 2 GB
image 舊有大型二進位資料(已棄用)。 2 GB

mssql-python 驅動程式會以 Python bytes 物件的形式回傳二進位資料。

何時將二進位儲存在資料庫中,何時儲存在檔案系統:

  • 當檔案很小(低於 1 MB)、交易一致性與其他資料很重要,或需要同時備份資料和檔案時,就應該存放在資料庫中。
  • 當檔案很大(超過 1 MB)、需要 CDN 傳送,或需要直接將檔案提供給客戶端且不需資料庫往返時,就儲存在檔案系統(或 Azure Blob 儲存體)。
  • 作為中間方案,Microsoft SQL 的 FILESTREAM 功能以交易一致性將資料儲存在檔案系統中。

插入二進位資料

將 Python bytes 物件作為參數傳遞;驅動程式會將它們映射到變分欄位。

直接插入位元組

建立一個 Python bytes 物件,並以查詢參數傳遞給你:

import mssql_python

conn = mssql_python.connect(connection_string)
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Create a table to hold binary documents
cursor.execute("""
    CREATE TABLE #Documents (
        ID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
        Name NVARCHAR(255),
        Content VARBINARY(MAX),
        Size INT NULL,
        ContentHash VARBINARY(32) NULL
    )
""")

# Binary data as bytes
binary_data = b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05'

cursor.execute(
    "INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content) VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s)",
    {"name": "sample.bin", "content": binary_data}
)
conn.commit()

從檔案插入

以二進位模式讀取檔案並插入其內容:

def insert_file(cursor, file_path: str, name: str):
    """Insert a file as binary data."""
    with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
        content = f.read()
    
    cursor.execute(
        "INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content, Size) VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s, %(size)s)",
        {"name": name, "content": content, "size": len(content)}
    )

insert_file(cursor, "image.png", "profile_picture.png")
conn.commit()

插入影像檔案

透過從副檔名偵測 MIME 類型來儲存包含元資料的影像檔案:

# Create a table to hold images
cursor.execute("""
    CREATE TABLE #Images (
        ID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
        FileName NVARCHAR(255),
        FileSize INT NULL,
        ContentType NVARCHAR(100) NULL,
        Width INT NULL,
        Height INT NULL,
        ImageData VARBINARY(MAX),
        Description NVARCHAR(MAX) NULL
    )
""")

def insert_image(cursor, image_path: str, description: str):
    """Insert an image into the database."""
    import os
    
    with open(image_path, "rb") as f:
        image_data = f.read()
    
    cursor.execute("""
        INSERT INTO #Images (FileName, FileSize, ContentType, ImageData, Description)
        VALUES (%(filename)s, %(filesize)s, %(content_type)s, %(data)s, %(desc)s)
    """, {
        "filename": os.path.basename(image_path),
        "filesize": len(image_data),
        "content_type": get_content_type(image_path),
        "data": image_data,
        "desc": description
    })

def get_content_type(path: str) -> str:
    """Determine MIME type from file extension."""
    ext = path.lower().split(".")[-1]
    types = {
        "png": "image/png",
        "jpg": "image/jpeg",
        "jpeg": "image/jpeg",
        "gif": "image/gif",
        "pdf": "application/pdf",
    }
    return types.get(ext, "application/octet-stream")

擷取二進位數據

驅動程式會將 varbinarybinary 欄位值作為 Python bytes 物件傳回。

擷取二進位資料欄

查詢二進位欄位並檢查返回 bytes 的物件:

cursor.execute(
    "SELECT LargePhotoFileName, LargePhoto FROM Production.ProductPhoto WHERE ProductPhotoID = %(id)s",
    {"id": 70}
)
row = cursor.fetchone()

# LargePhoto is bytes
print(type(row.LargePhoto))  # <class 'bytes'>
print(len(row.LargePhoto))   # Number of bytes

儲存到檔案

擷取二進位資料並寫入磁碟:

def save_photo(cursor, photo_id: int, output_path: str):
    """Retrieve binary data and save to file."""
    cursor.execute(
        "SELECT LargePhoto FROM Production.ProductPhoto WHERE ProductPhotoID = %(id)s",
        {"id": photo_id}
    )
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    
    if row and row.LargePhoto:
        with open(output_path, "wb") as f:
            f.write(row.LargePhoto)
        print(f"Saved {len(row.LargePhoto)} bytes to {output_path}")
    else:
        print("Photo not found or empty")

save_photo(cursor, 70, "output.gif")

將二進位列匯出為檔案

將多列二進位資料匯出到本地檔案:

import os

def export_photos(cursor, output_dir: str):
    """Export product photos to a directory."""
    os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
    
    cursor.execute("""
        SELECT ProductPhotoID, LargePhotoFileName, LargePhoto
        FROM Production.ProductPhoto
        WHERE ProductPhotoID > 1
    """)
    
    count = 0
    for row in cursor:
        output_path = os.path.join(output_dir, f"{row.ProductPhotoID}_{row.LargePhotoFileName}")
        with open(output_path, "wb") as f:
            f.write(row.LargePhoto)
        count += 1
    
    print(f"Exported {count} photos to {output_dir}")

export_photos(cursor, "./photos")

插入 NULL 二進位值

傳入 None,即可在二進位欄位中插入 SQL NULL。 由於 #Documents 是暫存資料表,請先使用 setinputsizes() 宣告參數類型,讓驅動程式將 Content 繫結為 varbinary

cursor.setinputsizes([(mssql_python.SQL_WVARCHAR, 255, 0), (mssql_python.SQL_VARBINARY, 0, 0)])
cursor.execute(
    "INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content) VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s)",
    {"name": "empty", "content": None}
)

Note

驅動程式通常透過 SQLDescribeParam推斷參數型別,但無法解析 暫存表格表格變數的型別元資料。 在未使用 setinputsizes() 的情況下,將 None 插入 temp object 的 binaryvarbinary 欄位會引發 ProgrammingError: Implicit conversion from data type varchar to varbinary(max) is not allowed。 依序為每個參數傳遞一個項目,並對二進位資料行使用 SQL 型別常數,例如 mssql_python.SQL_VARBINARY。 對於一般(永久)表格,驅動程式會自動解析類型,你可以直接通過 None

大型二進位資料

對於超過幾 MB 的檔案,請改以單次 varbinary(max) 寫入作業插入完整內容,而不是以小區塊分段讀取檔案。

串流大型檔案

對於大型檔案,請分區塊處理:

def insert_large_file(conn, table: str, file_path: str, chunk_size: int = 8192):
    """Insert large file in chunks using updatetext-style approach."""
    # Validate table name to prevent SQL injection
    import re
    if not re.match(r'^#{0,2}[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_.]*$', table):
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid table name: {table}")

    cursor = conn.cursor()
    
    # Get file size
    import os
    file_size = os.path.getsize(file_path)
    
    # Insert initial row with empty binary
    cursor.execute(f"""
        INSERT INTO {table} (Name, Content, Size)
        VALUES (%(name)s, 0x, %(size)s);
        SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY();
    """, {"name": os.path.basename(file_path), "size": file_size})
    
    row_id = cursor.fetchval()
    
    # For modern Microsoft SQL, better to use varbinary(max) and single insert
    # This example shows streaming approach
    with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
        content = f.read()
    
    cursor.execute(f"""
        UPDATE {table} SET Content = %(content)s WHERE ID = %(id)s
    """, {"content": content, "id": row_id})
    
    conn.commit()
    return row_id

使用批量複製來處理二進位資料

使用此 bulkcopy() 方法能在一次操作中有效插入多個二進位檔案。

Important

bulkcopy() 資料透過 獨立連線 載入伺服器,因此目的資料表必須已存在且已 提交並可被其他會話看到。 如果你在同一個指令碼中建立資料表,且停用自動提交,請先呼叫 conn.commit(),再呼叫 bulkcopy()。 不支援本機暫存資料表(#name),因為它們僅限建立它們的工作階段使用。 未提交或無法到達的目的地會導致 bulkcopy()Failed to retrieve destination metadata 逾時而失敗。

預設情況下, bulkcopy() 會依序數位置將一列中的每個值映射到資料表欄位,因此每欄必須有相應的值。 當表格有身份欄位或只填充部分欄位時,請明確傳入 column_mappings 目標欄位名稱。 否則數值會移動到錯誤的欄位,導致 bulkcopy() 失敗。

def bulk_insert_files(conn, table: str, file_paths: list[str]):
    """Bulk insert multiple binary files."""
    import os

    data = []
    for path in file_paths:
        with open(path, "rb") as f:
            content = f.read()
        data.append((os.path.basename(path), content, len(content)))

    cursor = conn.cursor()
    result = cursor.bulkcopy(table, data, column_mappings=["Name", "Content", "Size"])
    conn.commit()
    return result["rows_copied"]

二進位資料操作

使用 Microsoft SQL 函HASHBYTES式來比較二進位內容,而不必取得完整值。

比較二進位資料

透過計算並比較 Microsoft SQL Server 中的內容雜湊值,找出共享相同內容的二進位列:

# Find rows with identical binary content by hash
cursor.execute("""
    SELECT LargePhotoFileName, HASHBYTES('SHA2_256', LargePhoto) AS PhotoHash
    FROM Production.ProductPhoto
    WHERE ProductPhotoID > 1
""")

hashes = {}
for row in cursor:
    hash_value = row.PhotoHash  # bytes
    if hash_value in hashes:
        print(f"Duplicate: {row.LargePhotoFileName} matches {hashes[hash_value]}")
    else:
        hashes[hash_value] = row.LargePhotoFileName

用 Python 計算雜湊值

用 Python 計算 SHA-256 雜湊值,並與二進位資料一同儲存:

import hashlib

def insert_with_hash(cursor, name: str, content: bytes):
    """Insert binary data with computed hash."""
    content_hash = hashlib.sha256(content).digest()
    
    cursor.execute("""
        INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content, ContentHash)
        VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s, %(hash)s)
    """, {"name": name, "content": content, "hash": content_hash})

編碼與解碼二進位資料

將二進位資料與 Base64 編碼字串互相轉換:

import base64

# Store base64-encoded string
def insert_base64(cursor, name: str, base64_data: str):
    """Insert base64-encoded data as binary."""
    binary_data = base64.b64decode(base64_data)
    cursor.execute(
        "INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content) VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s)",
        {"name": name, "content": binary_data}
    )

# Retrieve as base64
def get_as_base64(cursor, doc_id: int) -> str:
    """Retrieve binary data as base64 string."""
    cursor.execute("SELECT Content FROM #Documents WHERE ID = %(id)s", {"id": doc_id})
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    return base64.b64encode(row.Content).decode("utf-8")

處理特定二進位格式

這些範例展示了如何在儲存常見檔案格式前驗證並插入它們。

PDF 文件

插入之前,請先驗證 PDF 檔案簽章:

def insert_pdf(cursor, pdf_path: str, title: str):
    """Insert a PDF document."""
    with open(pdf_path, "rb") as f:
        pdf_data = f.read()
    
    # Verify it's a PDF (magic bytes)
    if not pdf_data.startswith(b'%PDF'):
        raise ValueError("Not a valid PDF file")
    
    cursor.execute(
        "INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content) VALUES (%(title)s, %(data)s)",
        {"title": title, "data": pdf_data}
    )

使用 PIL/Pillow 的影像

在儲存前使用Pillow(PIL)調整圖片大小以節省空間:

from PIL import Image
import io
import os

def insert_resized_image(cursor, image_path: str, max_size: tuple = (800, 600)):
    """Insert a resized image."""
    # Open and resize
    img = Image.open(image_path)
    img.thumbnail(max_size, Image.LANCZOS)
    
    # Convert to bytes
    buffer = io.BytesIO()
    img.save(buffer, format=img.format or "PNG")
    image_bytes = buffer.getvalue()
    
    cursor.execute("""
        INSERT INTO #Images (FileName, Width, Height, ImageData)
        VALUES (%(name)s, %(width)s, %(height)s, %(data)s)
    """, {
        "name": os.path.basename(image_path),
        "width": img.width,
        "height": img.height,
        "data": image_bytes
    })

def get_image_as_pil(cursor, image_id: int) -> Image.Image:
    """Retrieve image as PIL Image object."""
    cursor.execute("SELECT ImageData FROM #Images WHERE ID = %(id)s", {"id": image_id})
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    return Image.open(io.BytesIO(row.ImageData))

壓縮資料

透過插入前用 gzip 壓縮二進位資料來減少儲存空間:

import gzip

def insert_compressed(cursor, name: str, data: bytes):
    """Insert data with gzip compression."""
    compressed = gzip.compress(data)
    
    cursor.execute(
        "INSERT INTO #Documents (Name, Content, Size) VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s, %(size)s)",
        {"name": name, "content": compressed, "size": len(data)}
    )

def get_decompressed(cursor, data_id: int) -> bytes:
    """Retrieve and decompress data."""
    cursor.execute(
        "SELECT Content FROM #Documents WHERE ID = %(id)s",
        {"id": data_id}
    )
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    return gzip.decompress(row.Content)

最佳做法

請運用這些指引,選擇正確的欄位類型與二進位資料儲存策略。

使用適當的欄位類型

請根據資料特性選擇欄位類型:

針對不同的二進位使用情境,請選擇適當的 Microsoft SQL 資料型態:

-- For small fixed-size binary (for example, hashes, UUIDs)
binary(32)      -- SHA-256 hash

-- For variable-size binary up to 8KB (for example, thumbnails, small icons)
varbinary(8000)

-- For large binary data (for example, documents, images)
varbinary(max)  -- Up to 2GB

大型檔案可考慮使用 FILESTREAM

對於大型檔案(超過 1 MB),可以考慮 Microsoft SQL 的 FILESTREAM 功能,將資料儲存在檔案系統中。 FILESTREAM 在使用前需要 伺服器端設定

# FILESTREAM-enabled databases store large binaries more efficiently
# Access is still through normal queries but storage is file-based
large_binary_data = b"\x25\x50\x44\x46" + b"\x00" * 100  # sample data

cursor.execute("""
    CREATE TABLE ##FileStreamDemo (Name NVARCHAR(100), Document VARBINARY(MAX))
""")
cursor.execute("""
    INSERT INTO ##FileStreamDemo (Name, Document)
    VALUES (%(name)s, %(content)s)
""", {"name": "large_doc.pdf", "content": large_binary_data})

cursor.execute("SELECT Name, DATALENGTH(Document) AS DocSize FROM ##FileStreamDemo")
row = cursor.fetchone()
print(f"{row.Name}: {row.DocSize} bytes")

驗證二進位資料

在儲存二進位資料前,請透過檢查魔法位元組(檔案簽章)來驗證檔案類型:

def insert_safe_image(cursor, name: str, data: bytes):
    """Insert image with validation."""
    # Check file signatures (magic bytes)
    signatures = {
        b'\x89PNG': 'image/png',
        b'\xff\xd8\xff': 'image/jpeg',
        b'GIF87a': 'image/gif',
        b'GIF89a': 'image/gif',
    }
    
    content_type = None
    for sig, mime in signatures.items():
        if data.startswith(sig):
            content_type = mime
            break
    
    if content_type is None:
        raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported image format")
    
    cursor.execute("""
        INSERT INTO #Images (FileName, ContentType, ImageData)
        VALUES (%(name)s, %(type)s, %(data)s)
    """, {"name": name, "type": content_type, "data": data})