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ODBC Programmer's Reference

The Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) Programmer's Reference provides comprehensive documentation for developing applications that use the ODBC interface to connect to SQL Server and other data sources.

Quick-start ODBC connection string examples

If you need a basic ODBC connection string to connect to SQL Server, use one of the following formats:

Windows Authentication (trusted connection):

Driver={ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server};Server=localhost;Database=myDB;Trusted_Connection=yes;Encrypt=optional;

SQL Server Authentication:

Driver={ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server};Server=myserver.database.windows.net;Database=myDB;UID=myUser;PWD=<password>;Encrypt=yes;

Named instance on localhost:

Driver={ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server};Server=localhost\SQLEXPRESS;Database=myDB;Trusted_Connection=yes;Encrypt=optional;

For a complete list of connection string keywords, see Data Source Name (DSN) and connection string keywords and attributes.

Reference sections

The ODBC Programmer's Reference contains the following sections.

Working with the ODBC documentation

The ODBC interface is designed for use with the C programming language. Use of the ODBC interface spans three areas: SQL statements, ODBC function calls, and C programming. This documentation assumes the following knowledge:

  • A working knowledge of the C programming language.
  • General database management system (DBMS) knowledge and a familiarity with SQL.

The following typographic conventions are used.

Format Used for
SELECT * FROM Uppercase letters indicate SQL statements, macro names, and terms used at the operating-system command level.
RETCODE SQLFetch(hdbc) The monospace font is used for sample command lines and program code.
argument Italicized words indicate programmatic arguments, information that the user or the application must provide, or word emphasis.
SQLEndTran Bold type indicates that syntax must be typed exactly as shown, including function names.
| A vertical bar separates two mutually exclusive choices in a syntax line.
... An ellipsis indicates that arguments can be repeated several times.
. . . A column of three dots indicates continuation of previous lines of code.

About the code examples

The code examples in this guide are designed for illustration purposes only. Because they're written primarily to demonstrate ODBC principles, efficiency is sometimes set aside in the interest of clarity. In addition, whole sections of code are sometimes omitted for clarity. These omissions include the definitions of non-ODBC functions (those functions whose names don't start with "SQL") and most error handling.

All code examples use ANSI strings and the same database schema, which is shown at the start of Catalog Functions.

For more information about SQL, the following standards are available:

  • Database Language - SQL with Integrity Enhancement, ANSI, 1989 ANSI X3.135-1989.
  • Database Language - SQL: ANSI X3H2 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG3 9075:1992 (SQL-92).
  • Open Group, Data Management: Structured Query Language (SQL), Version 2 (The Open Group, 1996).

In addition to standards and vendor-specific SQL guides, many books describe SQL, including:

  • Date, C. J., with Darwen, Hugh: A Guide to the SQL Standard (Addison-Wesley, 1993).
  • Emerson, Sandra L., Darnovsky, Marcy, and Bowman, Judith S.: The Practical SQL Handbook (Addison-Wesley, 1989).
  • Groff, James R., and Weinberg, Paul N.: Using SQL (Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1990).
  • Gruber, Martin: Understanding SQL (Sybex, 1990).
  • Hursch, Jack L., and Carolyn J.: SQL, The Structured Query Language (TAB Books, 1988).
  • Melton, Jim, and Simon, Alan R.: Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993).
  • Pascal, Fabian: SQL and Relational Basics (M & T Books, 1990).
  • Trimble, J. Harvey, Jr., and Chappell, David: A Visual Introduction to SQL (Wiley, 1989).
  • Van der Lans, Rick F.: Introduction to SQL (Addison-Wesley, 1988).
  • Vang, Soren: SQL and Relational Databases (Microtrend Books, 1990).
  • Viescas, John: Quick Reference Guide to SQL (Microsoft Corp., 1989).

For more information about transaction processing, see:

  • Gray, J. N., and Reuter, Andreas: Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993).
  • Hackathorn, Richard D.: Enterprise Database Connectivity (Wiley & Sons, 1993).

For more information about Call-Level Interfaces, the following standards are available:

  • Open Group, Data Management: SQL Call Level Interface (CLI), C451 (Open Group, 1995).
  • ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995, Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI).

For more information about ODBC, many books are available, including:

  • Geiger, Kyle: Inside ODBC (Microsoft Press, 1995).
  • Gryphon, Robert, Charpentier, Luc, Oelschlager, Jon, Shoemaker, Andrew, Cross, Jim, and Lilley, Albert W.: Using ODBC 2 (Que, 1994).
  • Johnston, Tom, and Osborne, Mark: ODBC Developers Guide (Howard W. Sams & Company, 1994).
  • North, Ken: Windows Multi-DBMS Programming: Using C++, Visual Basic, ODBC, OLE 2, and Tools for DBMS Projects (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995).
  • Stegman, Michael O., Signore, Robert, and Creamer, John: The ODBC Solution, Open Database Connectivity in Distributed Environments (McGraw-Hill, 1995).
  • Welch, Keith: Using ODBC 2 (Que, 1994).
  • Whiting, Bill: Teach Yourself ODBC in Twenty-One Days (Howard W. Sams & Company, 1994).

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