Sdílet prostřednictvím

Implementing a Dispose Method

  • Článek

The pattern for disposing an object, referred to as a dispose pattern, imposes order on the lifetime of an object. The dispose pattern is used only for objects that access unmanaged resources. This is because the garbage collector is very efficient at reclaiming unused managed objects.

A type's Disposemethod should release all the resources that it owns. It should also release all resources owned by its base types by calling its parent type's Dispose method. The parent type's Dispose method should release all resources that it owns and in turn call its parent type's Dispose method, propagating this pattern through the hierarchy of base types. To help ensure that resources are always cleaned up appropriately, a Dispose method should be callable multiple times without throwing an exception.

There is no performance benefit in implementing the Dispose method on types that use only managed resources (such as arrays) because they are automatically reclaimed by the garbage collector. Use the Dispose method primarily on managed objects that use native resources and on COM objects that are exposed to the .NET Framework. Managed objects that use native resources (such as the FileStream class) implement the IDisposable interface.

Important noteImportant

C++ programmers should not use this topic. Instead, see Destructors and Finalizers in Visual C++. In the .NET Framework version 2.0, the C++ compiler provides support for implementing deterministic disposal of resources and does not allow direct implementation of the Dispose method.

A Dispose method should call the SuppressFinalize method for the object it is disposing. If the object is currently on the finalization queue, SuppressFinalize prevents its Finalize method from being called. Remember that executing a Finalize method is costly to performance. If your Dispose method has already done the work to clean up the object, then it is not necessary for the garbage collector to call the object's Finalize method.

The code example provided for the GC.KeepAlive method shows how aggressive garbage collection can cause a finalizer to run while a member of the reclaimed object is still executing. It is a good idea to call the KeepAlive method at the end of a lengthy Dispose method.

The SafeHandle Alternative

Writing code for an object's finalizer is a complex task that can cause problems if not done correctly. Therefore, we recommend that you construct SafeHandle objects instead of implementing the dispose pattern.

The SafeHandle class simplifies object lifetime issues by assigning and releasing handles without interruption. It contains a critical finalizer that is guaranteed to run while an application domain is unloading. For more information about the advantages of using a safe handle, see Safe Handles and Critical Finalization.

The SafeHandle class in the System.Runtime.InteropServices namespace is an abstract wrapper class for operating system handles. Deriving from this class is difficult. Instead, use the derived classes in the Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles namespace that provide safe handles for the following:

  • Files and pipes.

  • Memory views.

  • Cryptography constructs.

  • Registry keys.

  • Wait handles.

Example

The following code example shows the recommended design pattern for implementing a Dispose method for classes that encapsulate unmanaged resources.

Resource classes are typically derived from complex native classes or APIs and must be customized accordingly. Use this code pattern as a starting point for creating a resource class and provide the necessary customization based on the resources you are encapsulating.

Imports System
Imports System.IO
Class Program

    Public Shared Sub Main()
        Try
            ' Initialize a Stream resource to pass 
            ' to the DisposableResource class.
           Console.Write("Enter filename and its path: ")
            Dim fileSpec As String = Console.ReadLine
            Dim fs As FileStream = File.OpenRead(fileSpec)
            Dim TestObj As DisposableResource = New DisposableResource(fs)

            ' Use the resource.
            TestObj.DoSomethingWithResource()

            ' Dispose theresource.
            TestObj.Dispose()

        Catch e As FileNotFoundException
            Console.WriteLine(e.Message)
        End Try
    End Sub
End Class

' This class shows how to use a disposable resource.
' The resource is first initialized and passed to
' the constructor, but it could also be
' initialized in the constructor.
' The lifetime of the resource does not 
' exceed the lifetime of this instance.
' This type does not need a finalizer because it does not
' directly create a native resource like a file handle
' or memory in the unmanaged heap.
Public Class DisposableResource
    Implements IDisposable

    Private _resource As Stream

    Private _disposed As Boolean

    ' The stream passed to the constructor
    ' must be readable and not null.
    Public Sub New(ByVal stream As Stream)
        MyBase.New()
        If (stream Is Nothing) Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("Stream is null.")
        End If
        If Not stream.CanRead Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Stream must be readable.")
        End If
        _resource = stream
        Dim objTypeName As String = _resource.GetType.ToString
        _disposed = False
    End Sub

    ' Demonstrates using the resource.
    ' It must not be already disposed.
    Public Sub DoSomethingWithResource()
        If _disposed Then
            Throw New ObjectDisposedException("Resource was disposed.")
        End If

        ' Show the number of bytes.
        Dim numBytes As Integer = CType(_resource.Length, Integer)
        Console.WriteLine("Number of bytes: {0}", numBytes.ToString)
    End Sub

    Public Overloads Sub Dispose() Implements IDisposable.Dispose
        Dispose(True)

        ' Use SupressFinalize in case a subclass
        ' of this type implements a finalizer.
        GC.SuppressFinalize(Me)
    End Sub

    Protected Overridable Overloads Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
        If Not _disposed Then

            ' If you need thread safety, use a lock around these 
            ' operations, as well as in your methods that use the resource.
            If disposing Then
                If (Not (_resource) Is Nothing) Then
                    _resource.Dispose()
                End If
                Console.WriteLine("Object disposed.")
            End If

            ' Indicates that the instance has been disposed.
            _resource = Nothing
            _disposed = True
        End If
    End Sub
End Class

using System;
using System.IO;

class Program
{

    static void Main()
    {
        try
        {
            // Initialize a Stream resource to pass 
            // to the DisposableResource class.
            Console.Write("Enter filename and its path: ");
            string fileSpec = Console.ReadLine();
            FileStream fs = File.OpenRead(fileSpec);
            DisposableResource TestObj = new DisposableResource(fs);

            // Use the resource.
            TestObj.DoSomethingWithResource();

            // Dispose the resource.
            TestObj.Dispose();

        }
        catch (FileNotFoundException e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
        }
    }
}


// This class shows how to use a disposable resource.
// The resource is first initialized and passed to
// the constructor, but it could also be
// initialized in the constructor.
// The lifetime of the resource does not 
// exceed the lifetime of this instance.
// This type does not need a finalizer because it does not
// directly create a native resource like a file handle
// or memory in the unmanaged heap.

public class DisposableResource : IDisposable
{

    private Stream _resource;  
    private bool _disposed;

    // The stream passed to the constructor 
    // must be readable and not null.
    public DisposableResource(Stream stream)
    {
        if (stream == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Stream in null.");
        if (!stream.CanRead)
            throw new ArgumentException("Stream must be readable.");

        _resource = stream;

        _disposed = false;
    }

    // Demonstrates using the resource. 
    // It must not be already disposed.
    public void DoSomethingWithResource() {
        if (_disposed)
            throw new ObjectDisposedException("Resource was disposed.");

        // Show the number of bytes.
        int numBytes = (int) _resource.Length;
        Console.WriteLine("Number of bytes: {0}", numBytes.ToString());
    }


    public void Dispose() 
    {
        Dispose(true);

        // Use SupressFinalize in case a subclass
        // of this type implements a finalizer.
        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);      
    }

    protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        // If you need thread safety, use a lock around these 
        // operations, as well as in your methods that use the resource.
        if (!_disposed)
        {
            if (disposing) {
                if (_resource != null)
                    _resource.Dispose();
                    Console.WriteLine("Object disposed.");
            }

            // Indicate that the instance has been disposed.
            _resource = null;
            _disposed = true;   
        }
    }
}

See Also

Reference

SuppressFinalize

Destructors and Finalizers in Visual C++

Implementing Finalize and Dispose to Clean Up Unmanaged Resources

Concepts

Overriding the Finalize Method