Using Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS)
SQL Server 2005 introduced support for multiple active result sets (MARS) in applications accessing the Database Engine. In earlier versions of SQL Server, database applications could not maintain multiple active statements on a connection. When using SQL Server default result sets, the application had to process or cancel all result sets from one batch before it could execute any other batch on that connection. SQL Server 2005 introduced a new connection attribute that allows applications to have more than one pending request per connection, and in particular, to have more than one active default result set per connection.
MARS simplifies application design with the following new capabilities:
Applications can have multiple default result sets open and can interleave reading from them.
Applications can execute other statements (for example, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and stored procedure calls) while default result sets are open.
Applications using MARS will find the following guidelines beneficial:
Default results sets should be used for short lived or short result sets generated by single SQL statements (SELECT, DML with OUTPUT, RECEIVE, READ TEXT, and so on).
Server cursors should be used for longer lived or large result sets generated by single SQL statements.
Always read to the end of results for procedural requests regardless of whether they return results or not, and for batches that return multiple results.
Wherever possible, use API calls to change connection properties and manage transactions in preference to Transact-SQL statements.
In MARS, session-scoped impersonation is prohibited while concurrent batches are running.
Note
By default, MARS functionality is not enabled. To use MARS when connecting to SQL Server with SQL Server Native Client, you must specifically enable it within a connection string. For more information, see the SQL Server Native Client OLE DB provider and SQL Server Native Client ODBC driver sections, later in this topic.
SQL Server Native Client does not limit the number of active statements on a connection.
Typical applications which do not need to have more than a single multistatement batch or stored procedure executing at the same time will benefit from MARS without having to understand how MARS is implemented. However, applications with more complex requirements do need to take account of this.
MARS enables the interleaved execution of multiple requests within a single connection. That is, it allows a batch to run, and within its execution, it allows other requests to execute. Note, however, that MARS is defined in terms of interleaving, not in terms of parallel execution.
The MARS infrastructure allows multiple batches to execute in an interleaved fashion, though execution can only be switched at well defined points. In addition, most statements must run atomically within a batch. Statements which return rows to the client, which are sometimes referred to as yield points, are allowed to interleave execution before completion while rows are being sent to the client, for example:
SELECT
FETCH
RECEIVE
Any other statements that are executed as part of a stored procedure or batch must run to completion before execution can be switched to other MARS requests.
The exact manner in which batches interleave execution is influenced by a number of factors, and it is difficult to predict the exact sequence in which commands from multiple batches that contain yield points will be executed. Be careful to avoid unwanted side effects due to interleaved execution of such complex batches.
Avoid problems by using API calls rather than Transact-SQL statements to manage connection state (SET, USE) and transactions (BEGIN TRAN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK) by not including these statements in multi-statement batches that also contain yield points, and by serializing execution of such batches by consuming or canceling all results.
Note
A batch or stored procedure which starts a manual or implicit transaction when MARS is enabled must complete the transaction before the batch exits. If it does not, SQL Server rolls back all changes made by the transaction when the batch finishes. Such a transaction is managed by SQL Server as a batch-scoped transaction. This is a new type of transaction introduced in SQL Server 2005 to enable existing well-behaved stored procedures to be used when MARS is enabled. For more information about batch-scoped transactions, see Transactions (Transact-SQL) and Controlling Transactions (Database Engine).
For an example of using MARS from ADO, see Using ADO with SQL Server Native Client.
SQL Server Native Client OLE DB Provider
The SQL Server Native Client OLE DB provider supports MARS through the addition of the SSPROP_INIT_MARSCONNECTION data source initialization property, which is implemented in the DBPROPSET_SQLSERVERDBINIT property set. In addition, a new connection string keyword, MarsConn, as been added. It accepts true or false values; false is the default.
The data source property DBPROP_MULTIPLECONNECTIONS defaults to VARIANT_TRUE. This means the provider will spawn multiple connections in order to support multiple concurrent command and rowset objects. When MARS is enabled, SQL Server Native Client can support multiple command and rowset objects on a single connection, so MULTIPLE_CONNECTIONS is set to VARIANT_FALSE by default.
For more information about enhancements made to the DBPROPSET_SQLSERVERDBINIT property set, see Initialization and Authorization Properties.
SQL Server Native Client OLE DB Provider Example
In this example, a data source object is created using the SQL Server Native OLE DB provider, and MARS is enabled using the DBPROPSET_SQLSERVERDBINIT property set before the session object is created.
#include <sqlncli.h>
IDBInitialize *pIDBInitialize = NULL;
IDBCreateSession *pIDBCreateSession = NULL;
IDBProperties *pIDBProperties = NULL;
// Create the data source object.
hr = CoCreateInstance(CLSID_SQLNCLI10, NULL,
CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
IID_IDBInitialize,
(void**)&pIDBInitialize);
hr = pIDBInitialize->QueryInterface(IID_IDBProperties, (void**)&pIDBProperties);
// Set the MARS property.
DBPROP rgPropMARS;
// The following is necessary since MARS is off by default.
rgPropMARS.dwPropertyID = SSPROP_INIT_MARSCONNECTION;
rgPropMARS.dwOptions = DBPROPOPTIONS_REQUIRED;
rgPropMARS.dwStatus = DBPROPSTATUS_OK;
rgPropMARS.colid = DB_NULLID;
V_VT(&(rgPropMARS.vValue)) = VT_BOOL;
V_BOOL(&(rgPropMARS.vValue)) = VARIANT_TRUE;
// Create the structure containing the properties.
DBPROPSET PropSet;
PropSet.rgProperties = &rgPropMARS;
PropSet.cProperties = 1;
PropSet.guidPropertySet = DBPROPSET_SQLSERVERDBINIT;
// Get an IDBProperties pointer and set the initialization properties.
pIDBProperties->SetProperties(1, &PropSet);
pIDBProperties->Release();
// Initialize the data source object.
hr = pIDBInitialize->Initialize();
//Create a session object from a data source object.
IOpenRowset * pIOpenRowset = NULL;
hr = IDBInitialize->QueryInterface(IID_IDBCreateSession, (void**)&pIDBCreateSession));
hr = pIDBCreateSession->CreateSession(
NULL, // pUnkOuter
IID_IOpenRowset, // riid
&pIOpenRowset )); // ppSession
// Create a rowset with a firehose mode cursor.
IRowset *pIRowset = NULL;
DBPROP rgRowsetProperties[2];
// To get a firehose mode cursor request a
// forward only read only rowset.
rgRowsetProperties[0].dwPropertyID = DBPROP_IRowsetLocate;
rgRowsetProperties[0].dwOptions = DBPROPOPTIONS_REQUIRED;
rgRowsetProperties[0].dwStatus = DBPROPSTATUS_OK;
rgRowsetProperties[0].colid = DB_NULLID;
VariantInit(&(rgRowsetProperties[0].vValue));
rgRowsetProperties[0].vValue.vt = VARIANT_BOOL;
rgRowsetProperties[0].vValue.boolVal = VARIANT_FALSE;
rgRowsetProperties[1].dwPropertyID = DBPROP_IRowsetChange;
rgRowsetProperties[1].dwOptions = DBPROPOPTIONS_REQUIRED;
rgRowsetProperties[1].dwStatus = DBPROPSTATUS_OK;
rgRowsetProperties[1].colid = DB_NULLID;
VariantInit(&(rgRowsetProperties[1].vValue));
rgRowsetProperties[1].vValue.vt = VARIANT_BOOL;
rgRowsetProperties[1].vValue.boolVal = VARIANT_FALSE;
DBPROPSET rgRowsetPropSet[1];
rgRowsetPropSet[0].rgProperties = rgRowsetProperties
rgRowsetPropSet[0].cProperties = 2
rgRowsetPropSet[0].guidPropertySet = DBPROPSET_ROWSET;
hr = pIOpenRowset->OpenRowset (NULL,
&TableID,
NULL,
IID_IRowset,
1,
rgRowsetPropSet
(IUnknown**)&pIRowset);
SQL Server Native Client ODBC Driver
The SQL Server Native Client ODBC driver supports MARS through additions to the SQLSetConnectAttr and SQLGetConnectAttr functions. SQL_COPT_SS_MARS_ENABLED has been added to accept either SQL_MARS_ENABLED_YES or SQL_MARS_ENABLED_NO, with SQL_MARS_ENABLED_NO being the default. In addition, a new connection string keyword, Mars_Connection, as been added. It accepts "yes" or "no" values; "no" is the default.
SQL Server Native Client ODBC Driver Example
In this example, the SQLSetConnectAttr function is used to enable MARS before calling the SQLDriverConnect function to connect the database. Once the connection is made, two SQLExecDirect functions are called to create two separate result sets on the same connection.
#include <sqlncli.h>
SQLSetConnectAttr(hdbc, SQL_COPT_SS_MARS_ENABLED, SQL_MARS_ENABLED_YES, SQL_IS_UINTEGER);
SQLDriverConnect(hdbc, hwnd,
"DRIVER=SQL Server Native Client 10.0;
SERVER=(local);trusted_connection=yes;", SQL_NTS, szOutConn,
MAX_CONN_OUT, &cbOutConn, SQL_DRIVER_COMPLETE);
SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hdbc, &hstmt1);
SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, hdbc, &hstmt2);
// The 2nd execute would have failed with connection busy error if
// MARS were not enabled.
SQLExecDirect(hstmt1, L”SELECT * FROM Authors”, SQL_NTS);
SQLExecDirect(hstmt2, L”SELECT * FROM Titles”, SQL_NTS);
// Result set processing can interleave.
SQLFetch(hstmt1);
SQLFetch(hstmt2);
See Also