align (C++)

Microsoft Specific

Use __declspec(align(#)) to precisely control the alignment of user-defined data (for example, static allocations or automatic data in a function).

For more information about alignment, see Windows Data Alignment on IPF, x86, and x64.

__declspec( align( # ) ) declarator

Remarks

Writing applications that use the latest processor instructions introduces some new constraints and issues. In particular, many new instructions require that data must be aligned to 16-byte boundaries. Additionally, by aligning frequently used data to the cache line size of a specific processor, you improve cache performance. For example, if you define a structure whose size is less than 32 bytes, you may want to align it to 32 bytes to ensure that objects of that structure type are efficiently cached.

# is the alignment value. Valid entries are integer powers of two from 1 to 8192 (bytes), such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64. declarator is the data that you are declaring as aligned.

See __alignof for information on how to return a value of type size_t that is the alignment requirement of the type. and __unaligned for information on how to declare unaligned pointers when targeting 64-bit processors.

You can use __declspec(align(#)) when you define a struct, union, or class, or when you declare a variable.

Without __declspec(align(#)), Visual C++ aligns data on natural boundaries based on the size of the data, for example 4-byte integers on 4-byte boundaries and 8-byte doubles on 8-byte boundaries. Data in classes or structures is aligned within the class or structure at the minimum of its natural alignment and the current packing setting (from #pragma pack or the /Zp compiler option).

You cannot specify alignment for function parameters.

For example:

__declspec(align(32)) struct Str1{
   int a, b, c, d, e;
};

This type now has a 32-byte alignment attribute, meaning that all instances must start on a 32-byte boundary. Additional structure types declared with this type as a member preserve this type's alignment attribute, that is, any structure with Str1 as an element will have an alignment attribute of at least 32.

To summarize:

• Unless overridden with __declspec(align(#)), the alignment of a scalar structure member is the minimum of its size and the current packing.

• Unless overridden with __declspec(align(#)), the alignment of a structure is the maximum of the individual alignments of its member(s).

• A structure member is placed at an offset from the beginning of its parent structure which is the smallest multiple of its alignment greater than or equal to the offset of the end of the previous member.

• The size of a structure is the smallest multiple of its alignment larger greater than or equal the offset of the end of its last member.

Note that sizeof(struct Str1) is equal to 32, such that, if an array of Str1 objects is created, and the base of the array is 32-byte aligned, then each member of the array will also be 32-byte aligned. To create an array whose base is properly aligned, use _aligned_malloc, or write your own allocator. Note that normal allocators, such as malloc, C++ operator new, and the Win32 allocators return memory that will most likely not be sufficiently aligned for **__**declspec(align(#)) structures or arrays of structures.

The sizeof value for any structure is the offset of the final member, plus that member's size, rounded up to the nearest multiple of the largest member alignment value or the whole structure alignment value, whichever is greater.

__declspec(align(#)) can only increase alignment restrictions.

For more information, see:

• align Examples

• Defining New Types with __declspec(align(#))

• Aligning Data in Thread Local Storage

• How align Works with Data Packing

• Examples of Structure Alignment (x64 specific)

align Examples

The following examples show how __declspec(align(#)) affects the size and alignment of data structures. The examples assume the following definitions:

#define CACHE_LINE  32
#define CACHE_ALIGN __declspec(align(CACHE_LINE))

In the following example, the S1 structure is defined with __declspec(align(32)). All uses of S1, whether for a variable definition or other type declarations, ensure that this structure data is 32-byte aligned. sizeof(struct S1) returns 32, and S1 has 16 padding bytes following the 16 bytes required to hold the four integers. Each int member requires 4-byte alignment, but the alignment of the structure itself is declared to be 32, so the overall alignment is 32.

struct CACHE_ALIGN S1 { // cache align all instances of S1
   int a, b, c, d;
};
struct S1 s1;   // s1 is 32-byte cache aligned

In the following example, sizeof(struct S2) will return 16, which is exactly the sum of the member sizes, because that happens to be a multiple of the largest alignment requirement (a multiple of 8).

__declspec(align(8)) struct S2 {
   int a, b, c, d;
};

In the following example, sizeof(struct S3) returns 64.

struct S3 {
   struct S1 s1;   // S3 inherits cache alignment requirement
                  // from S1 declaration
   int a;         // a is now cache aligned because of s1
                  // 28 bytes of trailing padding
};

In the following example, note that a has only the alignment of natural type, in this case, 4 bytes. However, S1 must be 32-byte aligned. Twenty-eight bytes of padding follow a, so that s1 starts at offset 32. S4 then inherits the alignment requirement of S1, because it is the largest alignment requirement in the structure. sizeof(struct S4) returns 64.

struct S4 {
   int a;
   // 28 bytes padding
    struct S1 s1;      // S4 inherits cache alignment requirement of S1
};

The following three variable declarations also use __declspec(align(#)). In each case, the variable must be 32-byte aligned. In the case of the array, the base address of the array, not each array member, is 32-byte aligned. The sizeof value for each array member is not affected by the use of __declspec(align(#)).

CACHE_ALIGN int i;
CACHE_ALIGN int array[128];
CACHE_ALIGN struct s2 s;

To align each individual member of an array, code such as the following should be used:

typedef CACHE_ALIGN struct { int a; } S5;
S5 array[10];

In the following example, note that aligning the structure itself and aligning the first element are identical:

CACHE_ALIGN struct S6 {
   int a;
   int b;
};

struct S7 {
   CACHE_ALIGN int a;
               int b;
};

S6 and S7 have identical alignment, allocation, and size characteristics.

In the following example, the alignment of the starting addresses of a, b, c, and d are 4, 1, 4, and 1, respectively.

void fn() { 
   int a;
   char b;
   long c;
   char d[10]
} 

The alignment if the memory were allocated on heap depends on which allocation function is called. For example, if you use malloc, the result depends on the operand size. If arg >= 8, alignment will be 8 byte aligned. If arg < 8, alignment will be the first power of 2 less than arg. For example, if you use malloc(7), alignment is 4 bytes.

Defining New Types with __declspec(align(#))

You can define a type with an alignment characteristic.

For example, you can define a struct with an alignment value as follows:

struct aType {int a; int b;};
typedef __declspec(align(32)) struct aType bType;

Now, aType and bType are the same size (8 bytes) but variables of type bType will be 32-byte aligned.

Aligning Data in Thread Local Storage

Static thread-local storage (TLS) created with the __declspec(thread) attribute and put in the TLS section in the image works for alignment exactly like normal static data. The operating system creates TLS data by allocating data the size of the TLS section and respecting the TLS section alignment attribute.

The following example shows various ways to place aligned data into thread local storage.

// put an aligned integer in TLS
__declspec(thread) __declspec(align(32)) int a;   

// define an aligned structure and put a variable of the struct type
// into TLS
__declspec(thread) __declspec(align(32)) struct F1 { int a; int b; } a;

// create an aligned structure 
struct CACHE_ALIGN S9 {
   int a;
   int b;
};
// put a variable of the structure type into TLS
__declspec(thread) struct S9 a;

How align Works with Data Packing

The /Zp compiler option and the pack pragma have the effect of packing data for structure and union members. This example shows how /Zp and __declspec(align(#)) work together:

struct S {
   char a;
   short b;
   double c;
   CACHE_ALIGN double d;
   char e;
   double f;
};

The following table lists the offset of each member under a variety of /Zp (or #pragma pack) values, showing how the two interact.

Variable	/Zp1	/Zp2	/Zp4	/Zp8
a	0	0	0	0
b	1	2	2	2
c	3	4	4	8
d	32	32	32	32
e	40	40	40	40
f	41	42	44	48
sizeof(S)	64	64	64	64

For more information, see /Zp (Struct Member Alignment).

Thus, the offset of an object is based on the offset of the previous object and the current packing setting, unless the object has a __declspec(align(#)) attribute, in which case the alignment is based on the offset of the previous object and the __declspec(align(#)) value for the object.

See Also

Reference

__declspec