Clipboard Formats
A window can place more than one object on the clipboard, each representing the same information in a different clipboard format. Users need not be aware of the clipboard formats used for an object on the clipboard.
The following topics describe the clipboard formats.
- Standard Clipboard Formats
- Registered Clipboard Formats
- Private Clipboard Formats
- Multiple Clipboard Formats
- Synthesized Clipboard Formats
- Cloud Clipboard and Clipboard History Formats
Standard Clipboard Formats
The clipboard formats defined by the system are called standard clipboard formats. These clipboard formats are described in Standard Clipboard Formats.
Registered Clipboard Formats
Many applications work with data that cannot be translated into a standard clipboard format without loss of information. These applications can create their own clipboard formats. A clipboard format that is defined by an application, is called a registered clipboard format. For example, if a word-processing application copied formatted text to the clipboard using a standard text format, the formatting information would be lost. The solution would be to register a new clipboard format, such as Rich Text Format (RTF).
To register a new clipboard format, use the RegisterClipboardFormat function. This function takes the name of the format and returns an unsigned integer value that represents the registered clipboard format. To retrieve the name of the registered clipboard format, pass the unsigned integer value to the GetClipboardFormatName function.
If more than one application registers a clipboard format with exactly the same name, the clipboard format is registered only once. Both calls to the RegisterClipboardFormat function return the same value. In this way, two different applications can share data by using a registered clipboard format.
Private Clipboard Formats
An application can identify a private clipboard format by defining a value in the range CF_PRIVATEFIRST through CF_PRIVATELAST. An application can use a private clipboard format for an application-defined data format that does not need to be registered with the system.
Data handles associated with private clipboard formats are not automatically freed by the system. If your windows use private clipboard formats, you can use the WM_DESTROYCLIPBOARD message to free any related resources that are no longer needed.
For more information about the WM_DESTROYCLIPBOARD message, see Clipboard Ownership.
An application can place data handles on the clipboard by defining a private format in the range CF_GDIOBJFIRST through CF_GDIOBJLAST. When using values in this range, the data handle is not a handle to a Windows Graphics Device Interface (GDI) object, but is a handle allocated by the GlobalAlloc function with the GMEM_MOVEABLE flag. When the clipboard is emptied the system automatically deletes the object using the GlobalFree function.
Multiple Clipboard Formats
A window can place more than one clipboard object on the clipboard, each representing the same information in a different clipboard format. When placing information on the clipboard, the window should provide data in as many formats as possible. To find out how many formats are currently used on the clipboard, call the CountClipboardFormats function.
Clipboard formats that contain the most information should be placed on the clipboard first, followed by less descriptive formats. A window pasting information from the clipboard typically retrieves a clipboard object in the first format it recognizes. Because clipboard formats are enumerated in the order they are placed on the clipboard, the first recognized format is also the most descriptive.
For example, suppose a user copies styled text from a word-processing document. The window containing the document might first place data on the clipboard in a registered format, such as RTF. Subsequently, the window would place data on the clipboard in a less descriptive format, such as text (CF_TEXT).
When the content of the clipboard is pasted into another window, the window retrieves data in the most descriptive format it recognizes. If the window recognizes RTF, the corresponding data is pasted into the document. Otherwise, the text data is pasted into the document and the formatting information is lost.
Synthesized Clipboard Formats
The system implicitly converts data between certain clipboard formats: if a window requests data in a format that is not on the clipboard, the system converts an available format to the requested format. The system can convert data as indicated in the following table.
| Clipboard Format | Conversion Format |
|---|---|
| CF_BITMAP | CF_DIB |
| CF_BITMAP | CF_DIBV5 |
| CF_DIB | CF_BITMAP |
| CF_DIB | CF_PALETTE |
| CF_DIB | CF_DIBV5 |
| CF_DIBV5 | CF_BITMAP |
| CF_DIBV5 | CF_DIB |
| CF_DIBV5 | CF_PALETTE |
| CF_ENHMETAFILE | CF_METAFILEPICT |
| CF_METAFILEPICT | CF_ENHMETAFILE |
| CF_OEMTEXT | CF_TEXT |
| CF_OEMTEXT | CF_UNICODETEXT |
| CF_TEXT | CF_OEMTEXT |
| CF_TEXT | CF_UNICODETEXT |
| CF_UNICODETEXT | CF_OEMTEXT |
| CF_UNICODETEXT | CF_TEXT |
If the system provides an automatic type conversion for a particular clipboard format, there is no advantage to placing the conversion format(s) on the clipboard.
If the system provides an automatic type conversion for a particular clipboard format, and you call EnumClipboardFormats to enumerate the clipboard data formats, the system first enumerates the format that is on the clipboard, followed by the formats to which it can be converted.
When copying bitmaps, it is best to place the CF_DIB or CF_DIBV5 format on the clipboard. This is because the colors in a device-dependent bitmap (CF_BITMAP) are relative to the system palette, which may change before the bitmap is pasted. If the CF_DIB or CF_DIBV5 format is on the clipboard and a window requests the CF_BITMAP format, the system renders the device-independent bitmap (DIB) using the current palette at that time.
If you place the CF_BITMAP format on the clipboard (and not CF_DIB), the system renders the CF_DIB or CF_DIBV5 clipboard format as soon as the clipboard is closed. This ensures that the correct palette is used to generate the DIB. If you place the CF_DIBV5 format with the bitmap color space information in the clipboard, the system will convert the bitmap bits from the bitmap color space to the sRGB color space when CF_DIB or CF_DIBV5 is requested. If CF_DIBV5 is requested when there is no color space information in the clipboard, the system returns sRGB color space information in the BITMAPV5HEADER structure. Conversions between other clipboard formats occur upon demand.
If the clipboard contains data in the CF_PALETTE format, the application should use the SelectPalette and RealizePalette functions to realize any other data in the clipboard against that logical palette.
There are two clipboard formats for metafiles: CF_ENHMETAFILE and CF_METAFILEPICT. Specify CF_ENHMETAFILE for enhanced metafiles and CF_METAFILEPICT for Windows metafiles.
Cloud Clipboard and Clipboard History Formats
Some versions of Windows include Cloud Clipboard, which keeps a history of recent clipboard data items and can synchronize it between the user's devices. If you don't want the data your application places on the clipboard to be included in the clipboard history or synchronized with other devices, your application can control this behavior by placing data in certain registered clipboard formats whose names are known to the Windows system:
- ExcludeClipboardContentFromMonitorProcessing : Place any data on the clipboard in this format to prevent all clipboard formats being included in the clipboard history or synchronized to the user's other devices.
- CanIncludeInClipboardHistory : Place a serialized DWORD value of zero on the clipboard in this format to prevent all clipboard formats being included in the clipboard history, or place a value of one instead to explicitly request that the clipboard item be included in the clipboard history. This does not affect synchronization to the user's other devices.
- CanUploadToCloudClipboard : Place a serialized DWORD value of zero on the clipboard in this format to prevent all clipboard formats being synchronized to the user's other devices, or place a value of one instead to explicitly request that the clipboard item be synchronized to other devices. This does not affect the local device's clipboard history.
As with other registered clipboard formats, you will need to use the RegisterClipboardFormat function to obtain an unsigned integer value that identifies each of the above 3 formats.