Using Kerberos integrated authentication to connect to SQL Server

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Beginning in Microsoft JDBC Driver 4.0 for SQL Server, an application can use the authenticationScheme connection property to indicate that it wants to connect to a database using type 4 Kerberos integrated authentication. For more information on connection properties, see Setting the Connection Properties. For more information on Kerberos, see Microsoft Kerberos.

When using integrated authentication with the Java Krb5LoginModule, you can configure the module using Class Krb5LoginModule.

The Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server sets the following properties for IBM Java VMs:

• useDefaultCcache = true
• moduleBanner = false

The Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server sets the following properties for all other Java VMs:

• useTicketCache = true
• doNotPrompt = true

Remarks

Prior to Microsoft JDBC Driver 4.0 for SQL Server, applications could specify integrated authentication (using Kerberos or NTLM, depending on which is available) by using the integratedSecurity connection property and by referencing mssql-jdbc_auth-<version>-<arch>.dll, as described in Building the connection URL.

Beginning in Microsoft JDBC Driver 4.0 for SQL Server, an application can use the authenticationScheme connection property to indicate that it wants to connect to a database using Kerberos integrated authentication using the pure Java Kerberos implementation:

• If you want integrated authentication using Krb5LoginModule, you must still specify the integratedSecurity=true connection property. You would then also specify the authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos connection property.

• To continue using integrated authentication with mssql-jdbc_auth-<version>-<arch>.dll, just specify integratedSecurity=true connection property (and optionally authenticationScheme=NativeAuthentication).

• If you specify authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos but don't also specify integratedSecurity=true, the driver will ignore the authenticationScheme connection property and it will expect to find user name and password credentials in the connection string.

When using a datasource to create connections, you can programmatically set the authentication scheme using setAuthenticationScheme and (optionally) set the SPN for Kerberos connections using setServerSpn.

A new logger has been added to support Kerberos authentication: com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.internals.KerbAuthentication. For more information, see Tracing driver operation.

The following guidelines will help you to configure Kerberos:

1. Set AllowTgtSessionKey to 1 in the registry for Windows. For more information, see Kerberos protocol registry entries and KDC configuration keys in Windows Server 2003.
2. Make sure that the Kerberos configuration (krb5.conf in UNIX environments), points to the correct realm and KDC for your environment.
3. Initialize the TGT cache by using kinit or logging into the domain.
4. When an application that uses authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos runs on the Windows Vista or Windows 7 operating systems, you should use a standard user account. However if you run the application under an administrator's account, the application must run with administrator privileges.

Note

The serverSpn connection attribute is only supported by Microsoft JDBC Drivers 4.2 and higher.

Service principal names

A service principal name (SPN) is the name by which a client uniquely identifies an instance of a service.

You can specify the SPN using the serverSpn connection property, or let the driver build it for you (the default). This property is in the form of: "MSSQLSvc/fqdn:port@REALM" where fqdn is the fully qualified domain name, port is the port number, and REALM is the Kerberos realm of the SQL Server in upper-case letters. The realm portion of this property is optional if your Kerberos configuration's default realm is the same realm as the Server and isn't included by default. If you want to support a cross-realm authentication scenario where the default realm in the Kerberos configuration is different than the realm of the Server, then you must set the SPN with the serverSpn property.

For example, your SPN might look like: MSSQLSvc/some-server.zzz.corp.contoso.com:1433@ZZZZ.CORP.CONTOSO.COM

For more information about service principal names (SPNs), see:

• Register a Service Principal Name for Kerberos Connections

• Using Kerberos with SQL Server

Note

Before 6.2 release of JDBC driver, for proper use of Cross Realm Kerberos, you would need to explicitly set the serverSpn.

As of the 6.2 release, the driver will be able to build the serverSpn by default, even when using Cross Realm Kerberos. Although one can use serverSpn explicitly too.

Creating a login module configuration file

You can optionally specify a Kerberos configuration file. If a configuration file isn't specified, the following settings are in effect:

Sun JVM
com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required useTicketCache=true;

IBM JVM
com.ibm.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required useDefaultCcache = true;

If you decide to create a login module configuration file, the file must follow this format:

<name> {  
    <LoginModule> <flag> <LoginModule options>;  
    <optional_additional_LoginModules, flags_and_options>;  
};  

A login configuration file consists of one or more entries, each specifying which underlying authentication technology should be used for a particular application or applications. For example,

SQLJDBCDriver {  
   com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required useTicketCache=true;  
};  

Each login module configuration file entry consists of a name followed by one or more LoginModule-specific entries. Each LoginModule-specific entry is terminated by a semicolon and the entire group of LoginModule-specific entries is enclosed in braces. Each configuration file entry is terminated by a semicolon.

In addition to allowing the driver to acquire Kerberos credentials using the settings specified in the login module configuration file, the driver can use existing credentials. This method can be useful when your application needs to create connections using more than one user's credentials.

The driver will attempt to use existing credentials if they're available, before attempting to log in using the specified login module. Thus, when using the Subject.doAs method for executing code under a specific context, a connection will be created with the credentials passed to the Subject.doAs call.

For more information, see JAAS Login Configuration File and Class Krb5LoginModule.

Beginning in Microsoft JDBC Driver 6.2, the entry name of the login module configuration can be passed using the connection property jaasConfigurationName. This method allows each connection to have its own login configuration or use a name other than SQLJDBCDriver.

Creating a Kerberos configuration file

For more information about Kerberos configuration files, see Kerberos Requirements.

This sample is a domain configuration file, where YYYY and ZZZZ are the domain names.

[libdefaults]  
default_realm = YYYY.CORP.CONTOSO.COM  
dns_lookup_realm = false  
dns_lookup_kdc = true  
ticket_lifetime = 24h  
forwardable = yes  

[domain_realm]  
.yyyy.corp.contoso.com = YYYY.CORP.CONTOSO.COM  
.zzzz.corp.contoso.com = ZZZZ.CORP.CONTOSO.COM  

[realms]  
        YYYY.CORP.CONTOSO.COM = {  
  kdc = krbtgt/YYYY.CORP. CONTOSO.COM @ YYYY.CORP. CONTOSO.COM  
  default_domain = YYYY.CORP. CONTOSO.COM  
}  

        ZZZZ.CORP. CONTOSO.COM = {  
  kdc = krbtgt/ZZZZ.CORP. CONTOSO.COM @ ZZZZ.CORP. CONTOSO.COM  
  default_domain = ZZZZ.CORP. CONTOSO.COM  
}  

Enabling the domain configuration file and the login module configuration file

You can enable a domain configuration file with -Djava.security.krb5.conf. You can enable a login module configuration file with -Djava.security.auth.login.config.

For example, the following command can be used to start the application:

Java.exe -Djava.security.auth.login.config=SQLJDBCDriver.conf -Djava.security.krb5.conf=krb5.ini <APPLICATION_NAME>  

Verifying that SQL Server can be accessed via Kerberos

Run the following query in SQL Server Management Studio:

select auth_scheme from sys.dm_exec_connections where session_id=\@\@spid

Make sure that you have the necessary permission to run this query.

Constrained delegation

Beginning in Microsoft JDBC Driver 6.2, the driver supports Kerberos Constrained Delegation. The delegated credential can be passed in as org.ietf.jgss.GSSCredential object, these credentials are used by driver to establish connection.

Properties driverProperties = new Properties();
GSSCredential impersonatedUserCredential = [userCredential]
driverProperties.setProperty("integratedSecurity", "true");
driverProperties.setProperty("authenticationScheme", "JavaKerberos");
driverProperties.put("gsscredential", impersonatedUserCredential);
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(CONNECTION_URI, driverProperties);

Kerberos connection using principal name, password, and realm

Beginning in Microsoft JDBC Driver 6.2, the driver can establish a Kerberos connection using the Principal Name and Password passed in the connection string.

jdbc:sqlserver://servername=server_name;encrypt=true;integratedSecurity=true;authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos;userName=user@REALM;password=****

The username property doesn't require a REALM if the user belongs to the default_realm set in krb5.conf file. When userName and password are set along with integratedSecurity=true; and the authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos; property, the connection is established with a value of userName as the Kerberos Principal along with the password supplied.

Beginning in Microsoft JDBC Driver 9.4, the user can specify the realm for Kerberos authentication in the connection string.

jdbc:sqlserver://servername=server_name;encrypt=true;integratedSecurity=true;authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos;userName=user;password=****;realm=REALM

Using Kerberos authentication from Unix Machines on the same domain

This guide assumes a working Kerberos setup already exists. Run the following code on a Windows machine with working Kerberos authentication to verify if the aforementioned is true. The code will print "Authentication Scheme: KERBEROS" to the console if successful. No other run-time flags, dependencies, or driver settings are required outside of the ones provided. The same block of code can be run on Linux to verify successful connections.

SQLServerDataSource ds = new SQLServerDataSource();
ds.setServerName("<server>");
ds.setPortNumber(1433); // change if necessary
ds.setIntegratedSecurity(true);
ds.setAuthenticationScheme("JavaKerberos");
ds.setDatabaseName("<database>");

try (Connection c = ds.getConnection(); Statement s = c.createStatement();
        ResultSet rs = s.executeQuery("select auth_scheme from sys.dm_exec_connections where session_id=@@spid")) {
    while (rs.next()) {
        System.out.println("Authentication Scheme: " + rs.getString(1));
    }
}

1. Domain-join the client machine to the same domain as the server.
2. (Optional) Set the default Kerberos ticket location. This step is most conveniently done by setting the KRB5CCNAME environment variable.
3. Get the Kerberos ticket, either by generating a new one or placing an existing one in the default Kerberos ticket location. To generate a ticket, use a terminal and initialize the ticket via kinit USER@DOMAIN.AD where "USER" and "DOMAIN.AD" is the principal and domain respectively. For example: kinit SQL_SERVER_USER03@EXAMPLE.COM. The ticket will be generated in the default ticket location or in the KRB5CCNAME path if set.
4. The terminal will prompt for a password, enter the password.
5. Verify the credentials in the ticket via klist and confirm the credentials are the ones you intend to use for authentication.
6. Run the above sample code and confirm that Kerberos Authentication was successful.

Native platform GSS integration

Native platform GSS integration allows Java applications to use the native GSS-API rather than the cryptographic mechanisms of the JDK implementation of the GSS-API. For example, the following sample code demonstrates how to enable use of the native GSS-API within the driver:

GSSCredential credential = GSSManager.getInstance().createCredential(null, GSSCredential.DEFAULT_LIFETIME, new Oid("1.2.840.113554.1.2.2"), GSSCredential.INITIATE_ONLY);

SQLServerDataSource ds = new SQLServerDataSource();
ds.setURL("jdbc:sqlserver://<server>;databaseName=<database>;integratedSecurity=true;authenticationScheme=JavaKerberos;");
ds.setGSSCredentials(credential);
ds.getConnection();

try (Connection conn = ds.getConnection()) {
    ResultSet rs = conn.executeQuery("select auth_scheme from sys.dm_exec_connections where session_id=@@spid")) {
    while (rs.next()) {
        System.out.println("Authentication Scheme: " + rs.getString(1));
    }
}

In addition, the following JVM arguments are also required:

-Dsun.security.jgss.native=true
-Djavax.security.auth.useSubjectCredsOnly=false

You may also optionally provide the path to the native GSS library.

-Dsun.security.jgss.lib=path/to/native/gss/library // This is optional

For more information on JVM arguments, see the official Java documentation.

Extended Protection with Kerberos

You can also enable Extended Protection for Kerberos when using the JDBC driver. The one restriction being that for the JDBC driver, when using Extended Protection, Force Encryption must not be enabled.

For more information on how to enable Extended Protection, see:

• Connect to the Database Engine Using Extended Protection

For more information on connecting with encryption, see:

• Connecting with encryption

See also

Connecting to SQL Server with the JDBC driver