Thanks for the information.
Glad to hear the issue has been resolved!
While due to the forum policy, the question author cannot accept his own reply as the answer to the question.
I have written a summary of this question so it can also help other community members.
Please feel free to accept it as answer to highlight it.
Thanks again for the sharing.
[Outlook 2019 - Exchange 2016 On Premises - Non-Domain Login]
Issue Symptom:
Outlook 2019 installed on non-domain joined device cannot login mailbox hosted by Exchange 2016 server and keeps prompting for password.
Resolution:
Adding the DOMAIN.COM to the UPN suffixes, and then switching the user to Domain.com.