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When a disk is set to “Enable public access from all networks,” it can indeed be accessed from the public network (only if the user has necessary permission on the resource that was trying to access and if it is not attached to a VM). However, if the VM to which the disk is attached does not have a public IP, the disk is not exposed to the internet, thus reducing the risk of unauthorized access.
Microsoft’s Recommendation: Disabling public access and enabling private access is the most secure option. This setting ensures that the disk can only be accessed through private endpoints within your virtual network, providing an additional layer of security.
refer for more detailed information-https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/managed-disks-overview, https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/disks-enable-private-links-for-import-export-portal.
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