@Olívio Moura, Thanks for posting in Q&A. Based on my researching, I find there's a setting named "Restricted management administrative unit". If it is set to yes, it will protect specific objects in your tenant from modification by anyone other than a specific set of administrators that you designate.
I think this can be the reason the device owner unable to view the recovery key. Please check if it is set as yes in your Administrative Unit (AU). If yes, as a test, you can change it to no to see if the device owner can view it.
Please try the above suggestion and if there's any update, feel free to let us know.
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