I think after months of searching, I may have found the issue. I believe it is linked to VMD being enabled in my BIOS.
If I disable it, my system won't boot.
How can I disable it and do an in-place upgrade to 25H2? Is this possible, or does anyone know how to solve this without doing a clean install, as I don't want to lose work and have to go through re-installing apps if I can avoid it?