The Surface family includes Surface Pro, Surface Laptop, and other Surface products. Surface is designed to help organizations, students, and consumers be more productive.
I think that the problem you are encountering is that the USB 3.0 port needs to drop down to USB 2.0 and it is not doing that.
There is an issue with these Pro 3 tablets where the USB 3.0 port is 'fixed' at 3.0 and will not drop down. Unknown as to why but Microsoft needs to learn how to configure a motherboard correctly.
That port is supposed to be able to drop down to USB 1.1 if needed.
There is no fix for that and if you look at the specifications of your USB to RS-232 adapter cable, it will state that it is USB 2.0.
If you can find a port replicator and attach it to the USB 3.0 port on the tablet, the replicator can "correct" that issue since it has a USB controller built into it.