Developer technologies | Windows Forms
A set of .NET Framework managed libraries for developing graphical user interfaces.
1,978 questions
5 answers
How to build an install package without Visual Studio?
Hello! I created a Windows Form Desktop app with Visual Studio. Normally, I just copy the EXE file to the target machine and it Just Works; however, it is not working in one particular case. I know that it is most like l missing a dependence. Typical fix…
Developer technologies | Windows Forms
asked 2026-04-17T22:38:03.3966667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(83.2, 51%, 18%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ES%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Saga
461
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-24T07:44:12.0566667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(227.2, 88%, 32%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ENF%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Noor Fatima
0
Reputation points
2 answers
Azure Functions isolated (net8.0) incorrectly requires .NET Desktop workload to load projects.
I have an Azure functions project that works fine in VS2022. When I open the project with VS2026, it prompts me to install .NET Desktop. The following is my .csproj (with the project names renamed). <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk"> …
Developer technologies | Visual Studio | Setup
Developer technologies | Visual Studio | Setup
The process of installing, configuring, and customizing Visual Studio to support development workflows across languages, platforms, and workloads.
1,365 questions
asked 2026-04-21T08:35:37.6733333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(108.80000000000001, 5%, 20%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ERC%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Richard Coleman
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-24T07:30:42.8966667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(240, 36%, 33%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ELD%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Lizzy Dinh (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
435
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
need impact analysis
is there a negative impact while updating to .NET Framework 4.8.1 from Old .NET Framework < 4.6.2
Developer technologies | .NET | Entity Framework Core
Developer technologies | .NET | Entity Framework Core
A lightweight, extensible, open-source, and cross-platform version of the Entity Framework data access technology.
796 questions
asked 2026-04-21T08:20:58.39+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(172.8, 65%, 26%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Sridhar S
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-24T06:44:40.3233333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(262.40000000000003, 40%, 35%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJP%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Jay Pham (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
3,520
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Totally and Absolutely Confused
Created a C++ project using Visual Studio 2026. Opened the file, made changes, saved all, built a project, executed, worked fine. closed Visual Studio, opened again, opened the project, changes that I made still there. Closed Visual Studio, turned off…
Developer technologies | C++
Developer technologies | C++
A high-level, general-purpose programming language, created as an extension of the C programming language, that has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation.
4,059 questions
asked 2026-04-23T21:52:33.54+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(131.20000000000002, 34%, 22%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Sid Kraft
31
Reputation points
edited an answer 2026-04-24T06:09:02.91+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(80, 49%, 17%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ELT%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Leon Tran (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
1,740
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
3 answers
Visual Studio Save
Have A C++ program in Visual Studio, making changes and when finish, issue a "save all" command which should save all of the changes, I would think. I then issue a "re build" and issue the "save all" command again. However,…
Developer technologies | C++
Developer technologies | C++
A high-level, general-purpose programming language, created as an extension of the C programming language, that has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation.
4,059 questions
asked 2026-04-23T16:28:49.8033333+00:00
Sid Kraft
31
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-24T06:05:46.59+00:00
Leon Tran (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
1,740
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Visual Studio C++ Dirty Files
Asked a question about C++ changes made to a file not being saved. Was suggested by the Microsoft Team that the file and associated project may not be "diry" so the system will not save. My question is "WHAT MAKES A FILE DIRTY AND WHAT IS…
Developer technologies | C++
Developer technologies | C++
A high-level, general-purpose programming language, created as an extension of the C programming language, that has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation.
4,059 questions
asked 2026-04-23T16:58:17.5233333+00:00
Sid Kraft
31
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-24T06:05:43.72+00:00
Leon Tran (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
1,740
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Word dollar blue no hightlight
Hello from Steve I need the below please dollar blue no hightlight Sub Dollar_Dollar_Blue_No_Highlight2() Selection.Find.ClearFormatting Selection.Find.Font.Size = 12 With Selection.Find .Text = "$" .Replacement.Text =…
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
An implementation of Visual Basic that is built into Microsoft products.
1,621 questions
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(144, 33%, 23%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ES%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
2 answers
SQL Server Integration Services Projects - Setup Failed.
Hi, The members of the Development Department, requested the installation of: SQL Server Integration Services Projects!!!. We launched the installation, but it ended with the error: We have attached the log File. We must perform the installation on a…
Developer technologies | Visual Studio | Extensions
Developer technologies | Visual Studio | Extensions
Add-on components that enhance and customize the Visual Studio integrated development environment
387 questions
asked 2026-04-23T14:39:39.96+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(118.4, 21%, 21%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ELP%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Lucas Peñaloza
481
Reputation points
edited a comment 2026-04-24T05:00:12.58+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(9.6, 52%, 10%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Senthil kumar
25
Reputation points
4 answers
Span gesture recognizer is not working for label with formatted string
In .net maui 20, we are trying to use span gesture recognizer for label so I can append normal text with hyperlink. When clicking on hyperlink it should navigate to that link but it's not working in this way. I am pasting the code for reference.…
Developer technologies | .NET | .NET MAUI
Developer technologies | .NET | .NET MAUI
A Microsoft open-source framework for building native device applications spanning mobile, tablet, and desktop.
4,286 questions
asked 2026-04-21T07:29:57.9+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(172.8, 12%, 26%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EKK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Keerthana Krishna
60
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-24T04:27:20.92+00:00
Keerthana Krishna
60
Reputation points
2 answers
Using standard PayPal buy now buttons - need an extra step to obtain a User Id
My asp.net site has a product page.aspx with the standard Buy now button code from Paypal. I capture the email address of the sender from the page that has a asp.net form. On button click, the data is saved in database and they then see a PayPal button…
Developer technologies | C#
Developer technologies | C#
An object-oriented and type-safe programming language that has its roots in the C family of languages and includes support for component-oriented programming.
11,795 questions
asked 2026-04-23T16:47:22.29+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(291.2, 15%, 38%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EML%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Matt Lee
40
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-24T04:02:27.8866667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(201.6, 1%, 29%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJD%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Jack Dang (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
16,920
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
OVERVIEW AND CLOSEALL
Environment: MAUI 10 In Android, pressing the Overview button calls OnSleep, that I use for some clear-house, such as uploading a file to cloud storage. The following snippet is a simulation: protected async override void OnSleep() { …
Developer technologies | .NET | .NET MAUI
Developer technologies | .NET | .NET MAUI
A Microsoft open-source framework for building native device applications spanning mobile, tablet, and desktop.
4,286 questions
asked 2026-04-23T19:38:21.0366667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(256, 73%, 34%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EGS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Giorgio Sfiligoi
636
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-24T03:57:03.2233333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(118.4, 21%, 21%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ENV%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Nancy Vo (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
2,900
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Rename Module
I want to rename a module in my VB project in Excel
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
An implementation of Visual Basic that is built into Microsoft products.
1,621 questions
asked 2026-04-23T12:21:20.83+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(70.4, 84%, 16%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EDU%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Donnie Urbano
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-24T02:59:24.21+00:00
Nancy Vo (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
2,900
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Using VBA to select text.
Hello from Steve Is this possible please to select text 5PBPX using VBA Mod moved from : Microsoft 365 and Office | Word | For home | Windows
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
An implementation of Visual Basic that is built into Microsoft products.
1,621 questions
2 answers
wich nugets I have to install for report viewer in visual studio vb.net?
I just install visual studio and I want to make reports y download Microsoft RDLC Report Designer and Repor Viewer core winforms, but When i want to drag a tool Report Vierer to a form Iit can be place in the form
Developer technologies | Windows Forms
Developer technologies | Windows Forms
A set of .NET Framework managed libraries for developing graphical user interfaces.
1,978 questions
asked 2026-04-17T22:37:37.35+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(51.2, 73%, 14%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJD%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
jose de jesus sanchez
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-24T02:35:41.3966667+00:00
Nancy Vo (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
2,900
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
how to fix error on windows form if theres no link to show me where i must fix or adjust my code
how to fix error on windows form if theres no link to show me where i must fix or adjust my codev
Developer technologies | Windows Forms
Developer technologies | Windows Forms
A set of .NET Framework managed libraries for developing graphical user interfaces.
1,978 questions
asked 2026-04-17T20:40:45.69+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(240, 86%, 33%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EAN%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
A Nodali (25007422)
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-24T02:34:15.24+00:00
Nancy Vo (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
2,900
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
My app causes Maui to crash on Android. I have added try/catch everywhere, problem is in Maui somewhere.
Java.Lang.IllegalStateException: 'The specified child already has a parent. You must call removeView() on the child's parent first.' Can someone from the Maui team contact me - my app crashes Maui on Android. It has something to do with…
Developer technologies | .NET | .NET MAUI
Developer technologies | .NET | .NET MAUI
A Microsoft open-source framework for building native device applications spanning mobile, tablet, and desktop.
4,286 questions
asked 2026-04-18T16:04:19.13+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(265.6, 14.000000000000002%, 35%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EGH%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Gerry Ha
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-24T02:33:16.5166667+00:00
Nancy Vo (WICLOUD CORPORATION)
2,900
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Error APPX1204 Creating App Package for upload to MS Store
This is happening with Visual Studio Insiders [11709.129] with a UWP XBox targeted app. The app has been successfully side-loaded and tested on Dev-mode XBox. Creating the App Package produces this error: Failed to sign <filename.msix>. SignTool…
Developer technologies | Universal Windows Platform (UWP)
Developer technologies | Universal Windows Platform (UWP)
A Microsoft platform for building and publishing apps for Windows devices.
3,077 questions
asked 2026-04-23T12:47:35.76+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(291.2, 51%, 38%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EW%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
WoodManEXP
20
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-23T19:43:07.6466667+00:00
WoodManEXP
20
Reputation points
2 answers
Word Color Red and Highlight Yellow
Hello from Steve I would like to please have the below script Color Red and Highlight Yellow Sub Dollar_Colour_Red_Bold() Options.DefaultHighlightColorIndex = wdYellow With Selection.Find .ClearFormatting .Font.Size = 12 .Text =…
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
Developer technologies | Visual Basic for Applications
An implementation of Visual Basic that is built into Microsoft products.
1,621 questions
2 answers
When attempting to add Microsoft.Windows.Desktop.App 8.0.6 I am getting "Package ... has packagetype 'DotnetPlatform' that is not supported
As part of moving from the deprecated WMPLib.WindowsMediaPlayer class to the current Windows.Media.Playback.MediaPlayer class, I am attempting to properly include the required DLL and all dependencies. The MediaPlayer class is a Windows Desktop 8 class…
Developer technologies | .NET | Other
Developer technologies | .NET | Other
Microsoft Technologies based on the .NET software framework. Miscellaneous topics that do not fit into specific categories.
4,169 questions
asked 2024-06-12T19:59:06.6766667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(316.8, 10%, 40%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ERO%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Ron Oakes
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-23T17:22:22.1866667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(313.6, 84%, 40%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EMI%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Marian Ionita
0
Reputation points
2 answers
WPF ListViewItem IsSelected is on Window_Closing allways false?!
Hello, on my ListView is the ListViewItem-property "IsSelected" binding to object-property. <Window.Resources> <Style x:Key="ListViewStyle" TargetType="ListBoxItem"> <Setter…
Developer technologies | XAML
Developer technologies | XAML
A language based on Extensible Markup Language (XML) that enables developers to specify a hierarchy of objects with a set of properties and logic.
878 questions
asked 2026-04-20T05:08:57.4133333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(284.8, 37%, 37%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ERM%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Rosenbohm, Mario
40
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-23T13:02:27.79+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(163.2, 69%, 25%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EVD%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Varsha Dundigalla(INFOSYS LIMITED)
4,865
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff