Make sure you're typing in the email alias in the From > Other e-mail address box, do not select any stored/autocomplete entry. I'm using an Outlook build that's on the semi-annual channel, and it works fine there.
Another thing to have in mind is that Outlook will resolve the recipient address on the received message against any existing contacts, and doesn't always indicate the alias used. The best way to confirm the address used is to check the From header of the message.