A cloud-based identity and access management service for securing user authentication and resource access
When the user is locked out or disabled or deleted from Azure AD, this user can still login to Azure AD joined device only for a limited time. When a user is deleted or disabled or locked in Azure AD, it's not immediately known to the Windows device. So, users who signed in previously can access the desktop with the cached username and password.
Typically, the device is aware of the user state in less than four hours. Then Windows blocks those users' access to the desktop. As the user is deleted or disabled in Azure AD, all their tokens are revoked. So they can't access any resources.
Deleted or disabled users who didn't sign in previously can't access a device. There's no cached username and password enabled for them.
You can also refer to below article to get more information on this,
Let me know if you have any further questions.
Please "Accept the answer" if the information helped you. This will help us and others in the community as well.