I created a learn.microsoft.com account just to reply to this as I've fought this issue umpteen times with Outlook 2016 for years.
As far as I can understand, the issue is that the Outlook login popup window uses a half-baked version of Internet Explorer 11 and the GoDaddy login page serves Javascript it can't handle. I tried all manner of registry edits, HOSTS file edits, the works, but what ultimately did the trick for me was to go into Internet Options > Security > Custom Level > Scripting, and flipping Active Scripting to "Prompt." This will cause a pop up for each individual script the login page serves up, and you can test declining individual scripts until it lets you through. In my case I permitted the first one, but not the second one which allowed me to input user/password, then permitted every script after that, which crashed, but the auth took and reloading Outlook one final time allowed me in. Not exactly a user-friendly solution and, if you're reading this solution, this needs to be your final warning to get the eff off Outlook 2016 as there's no guarantee this fix will work forever.