@Brice Vanderstraeten, Thanks for posting in Q&A. For our issue, I suggest firstly go to the Windows 10 device, go to Settings -> Updates and Security -> Windows Update -> Advanced Options. Click View configured update policies, then verify that the policy type to see if "Enable Automatic Updates" is managed by GPO or MDM.
If it is managed by GPO, check the GPO applied to this device and remove the policy. If it is controlled by MDM. Go to Intune portal find the device and check the device configuration policy and windows update ring policies applied to this device to see if any policy block this.
Please try the above suggestion and if there's any update, feel free to let us know.
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