Hi @Malte Brünger ,
Based on my test, it is indeed the same with you if deleting Profiles folder through Registry key or Under User Data folder.
Due to the version update of Edge, you need also to delete the file named "Local State" under Path: C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Edge\User Data.
Note that you must close all edge processes before you delete it.
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Best Regards,
Raina Zhao