Thank you for posting this in Microsoft Q&A.
I understand that you are interested in knowing which roles can view a user's authentication method details.
In addition to the Global administrator Privileged Authentication Administrator
and Authentication Administrator
roles, these roles allow for the access of sensitive and personal information. These two roles have permissions to Manage user's auth methods.
Note: User Administrator role can view user's sensitive data in older authentication method experience not in newer authentication method. Can't manage user's auth methods except reset password.
Please refer below documents:
Authentication Methods
Who can perform sensitive actions
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Thanks,
Navya.