Thank you for posting your issue on Microsoft Q&A, from above description it looks like you are getting an SSL validation failure from Azure Core services (not KeyVault) while trying to fetch a certificate from your Vault.
Please do correct me if this is not an issue by responding in the comments.
I tried running same in Visual studio code and Visual studio template and this seems to be an SSL enabling issue in your local project. As per Run, debug, and make changes
Close Visual Studio and then relaunch the program as an administrator. You can do this task by right-clicking the Visual Studio icon from the Start Menu, and then selecting the Run as administrator option from the context menu. You might also get a message that asks if you want to accept an IIS SSL Express certificate. To view the code in a web browser, select Yes, and then select Yes if you receive a follow-up security warning message.
Or you must try following: How to Enable SSL in Visual Studio for a .NET Project
Or
This may a network configuration issue on Azure KeyVault:
You must have configured Disable public network or allow public access from specific virtual networks and IP addresses.
And for any source the IP must be whitelisted.
Thanks,
Akshay Kaushik
Please "Accept the answer (Yes)" and "share your feedback ". This will help us and others in the community as well.