@Jordy van Schijndel, Thanks for posting in Q&A. Based on my researching, I didn't find the setting to increase the SIM card PIN time in kiosk related policy or managed home screen policy.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/intune/apps/app-configuration-managed-home-screen-app
I suggest open case to see if we can get more help.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/get-support
Thanks for your understanding.
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