are you trying to find specific event's custom property value or filter the event which has custom property.
for the specific event
GET /me/calendars/{id}?$expand=singleValueExtendedProperties($filter=id eq '{id_value}') https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/singlevaluelegacyextendedproperty-get?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http#http-request
for filtering events
/me/events?$filter=singleValueExtendedProperties/Any(ep: ep/id eq 'String {00020329-0000-0000-C000-000000000046} Name myCusProp' and ep/value ne null)