@Sokoban, Thanks for posting in Q&A. For PowerShell script deploy via Intune, we need to firstly test on the device side manually. From the script configuration, I find it runs using logged on credentials.
Please manually run the script on one affected device with current user credential and see what error we get.
However, if we can run the script successfully when test it manually, we can review IntuneManagementExtension.log to get more finding. Here are some links with some examples for your reference:
https://www.velessoftware.com/troubleshooting-intune-powershell-scripts/
Note: Non-Microsoft link, just for the reference.
Hope the above information can help.
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